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  • 1
    In: Acta Neuropathologica, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 144, No. 1 ( 2022-07), p. 143-153
    Abstract: Amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque is a defining pathologic feature of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aducanumab, a monoclonal IgG1 that selectively binds aggregated species of Aβ, has been shown by amyloid positron emission tomography (Amyloid PET) to reduce Aβ plaques in patients with prodromal and mild AD. This is the first autopsy report of the AD neuropathology in a patient previously treated with aducanumab. The patient was an 84-year-old woman who was randomized to the placebo arm of the PRIME Phase 1b study (221AD103). The patient progressed to moderate dementia (MMSE = 14/30), beyond the targeted early AD treatment stage, before receiving aducanumab in the long-term extension (LTE). The patient then received 32 monthly doses of aducanumab, titrated up to 6 mg/kg, for a cumulative dose of 186 mg/kg. In the LTE, Amyloid PET scans demonstrated robust Aβ plaque reduction, from a composite standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) of 1.5 at screening to  〈  1.1 at 56 weeks post-aducanumab dosing. MRI examinations were negative for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). She passed away in hospice care 4 months after her last dose of aducanumab. The postmortem neuropathologic examination confirmed AD neuropathologic changes. Aβ and IBA1 immunohistochemistry assays demonstrated sparse residual Aβ plaque engaged by amoeboid reactive microglia. Phospho-Tau (pTau) immunohistochemistry demonstrated neocortical neurofibrillary degeneration (Braak stage V, NIA/AA Stage B3). However, the density of pTau neuropathology, including neuritic plaque pTau (NP-Tau), appeared lower in the PRIME LTE Patient compared to a reference cohort of untreated Braak stage V–VI, NIA/AA Stage B3 AD cases. Taken together, this case report is the first to provide Amyloid PET and neuropathologic evidence substantiating the impact of aducanumab to reduce Aβ plaque neuropathology in a patient with AD. Furthermore, this report underscores the critical importance of autopsy neuropathology studies to augment our understanding of aducanumab’s mechanism of action and impact on AD biomarkers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-6322 , 1432-0533
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458410-4
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  • 2
    In: Revue Neurologique, Elsevier BV, Vol. 177 ( 2021-04), p. S2-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-3787
    RVK:
    Language: French
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2036356-4
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  • 3
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. S4 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Gosuranemab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is hypothesized to neutralize extracellular tau and prevent the trans‐neuronal propagation of tau pathology across the brain. The TANGO study is an ongoing randomized, placebo‐controlled, global Phase 2 study evaluating safety and clinical efficacy of gosuranemab in individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or mild AD dementia. The TANGO study included two biomarker sub‐studies: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sub‐study and Tau positron emission tomography (PET) sub‐study; the baseline characteristics of the Tau PET sub‐study are described below. Method TANGO enrolled 654 individuals aged 50‐80 years, diagnosed with MCI or mild AD, who were amyloid positive as assessed by amyloid PET or CSF testing. Approximately 350 patients enrolled in the longitudinal 18F‐MK‐6240 Tau PET sub‐study. Randomization was stratified by biomarker sub‐study participation among other factors. Baseline standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) was measured in composite brain regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to Braak I‐II, Braak III‐IV, and Braak V‐VI regions using superior‐eroded cerebellum as the reference region. Tau extent (percentage of supra‐threshold voxels within an ROI relative to reference region), an exploratory measure of the spatial extent of 18F‐MK‐6240 binding, was also investigated. Result The baseline demographics of the Tau PET sub‐study population were consistent with the overall TANGO study population including clinical stage (MCI vs. mild AD), age, gender, APOE4, and clinical scores. At baseline, average SUVR (±SD) was 1.92±0.6 in Braak I‐II, 1.90±0.7 in Braak III‐IV and 1.75±0.8 in Braak V‐VI composite ROIs. The Braak composite SUVRs were positively associated with disease stage (i.e. higher SUVR with increasing disease severity). Exploratory analyses of extent were supportive of the SUVR results. Conclusion At study baseline, tau SUVR was highest in Braak I‐II, followed by Braak III‐IV, then Braak V‐VI. Cross‐sectionally, higher tau PET SUVR was associated with increasing disease severity and worse clinical scores, as expected. The TANGO Tau PET sub‐study will aid our understanding of gosuranemab’s effect on tau pathology and further inform on the value of tau PET in clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 4
    In: The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Wiley, Vol. 62, No. 8 ( 2022-08), p. 1030-1046
    Abstract: Amyloid‐related imaging abnormalities with edema (ARIA‐E) have been reported in patients with early Alzheimer disease treated with aducanumab. ARIA‐E incidence has been observed to be dependent on both dose and apolipoprotein E4 carrier status. A time‐to‐event (TTE) approach applying data from 2 phase 3 studies (studies 301 and 302) was used to describe the effect of aducanumab serum exposure on the instantaneous risk of 2 end points: the first incidence of ARIA‐E and time to ARIA‐E resolution. A total of 3251 subjects with 826 events supported the TTE model to characterize the first ARIA‐E event. The TTE resolution model was supported by data from 768 of 826 subjects who had ARIA‐E resolved. Relationships between drug concentrations and ARIA‐E events were modeled with a hazard function dependent on time, aducanumab serum concentrations, attenuation of aducanumab exposure effects with time (ie, potential for tolerance to aducanumab exposure), study, and apolipoprotein E4 carrier status. The TTE model showed that ARIA‐E incidence rates were higher during the first 200 days, followed by a reduction in rates. The change in event rate reflects the attenuation of drug effect, thereby providing support for the current proposed titration regimen. Time to ARIA‐E resolution was characterized by a constant baseline hazard with a probability to resolution affected by baseline ARIA‐E severity and aducanumab concentration. ARIA‐E resolution was found to be driven primarily by baseline hazard and time and suggested that aducanumab concentration effect is a minor contributor to the time to resolution of ARIA‐E.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0091-2700 , 1552-4604
    URL: Issue
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010253-7
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 5
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 16, No. S9 ( 2020-12)
    Abstract: Gosuranemab is a humanized monoclonal antibody binding tau at the N‐terminal domain. The TANGO study is a randomized, placebo‐controlled, global Phase 2 Study evaluating safety and clinical efficacy of gosuranemab in patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD or mild AD dementia. We describe baseline characteristics from the TANGO study, the first evaluation of gosuranemab in AD. Method Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group Phase 2 study (TANGO) enrolled globally over 600 individuals aged 50‐80 years, diagnosed with MCI due to AD or mild AD, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) global score 0.5‐1, CDR Memory Box score of ≥0.5, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 22‐30, objective evidence of cognitive impairment at Screening and elevated brain amyloid as assessed by PET or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels. Participants were randomized 1:1:2:2 to monthly intravenous low, medium, high dose of gosuranemab or placebo during the 76‐week treatment period. After completion of the placebo‐controlled period, patients may enter a long‐term extension during which all patients receive gosuranemab. The primary endpoints included incidences of adverse events, serious adverse events, abnormalities in safety assessments. The secondary endpoints included change from baseline in CDR‐Sum of Boxes score and incidence of anti‐gosuranemab antibodies in serum. Key exploratory endpoints included change from baseline in MMSE, AD Cooperative Study‐Activities of Daily Living, Functional Activities Questionnaire, AD Assessment Scale‐Cognitive Subscale, tau levels in CSF and/or in brain measured by 18 F‐MK6240 PET and pharmacokinetic parameters. Result TANGO is now fully enrolled and ongoing; over 600 patients were randomized and have received ≥1 dose of study medication. Approximately half of the patients were enrolled in either the CSF or tau PET sub‐studies. Approximately half of the patients are women (50.5%). The percentage of patients diagnosed with Mild AD at baseline is 53%. MMSE mean (standard deviation [SD]) score at baseline was 25 (2.3). Conclusion TANGO will assess the safety profile, tolerability and clinical efficacy of gosuranemab in individuals who, per baseline characteristics, are representative of patients with early AD. Study Support: funded by Biogen.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 6
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. S9 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Aducanumab, a human monoclonal antibody that selectively targets aggregated forms of beta amyloid (Aβ), is under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). EMERGE and ENGAGE were 2 identically‐designed, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Phase 3 trials that evaluated the efficacy and safety of aducanumab in participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD or mild AD dementia and confirmed amyloid pathology. These studies were initiated following the Phase 1b PRIME study in which aducanumab reduced amyloid burden and slowed decline on exploratory clinical endpoints. In both EMERGE and ENGAGE, dose‐ and time‐dependent reductions in amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) composite standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) were observed at Week 78 in the amyloid PET biomarker substudies. Method Participants were randomized (1:1:1) to receive high‐dose aducanumab, low‐dose aducanumab, or placebo via intravenous injection every 4 weeks for 18 months. Longitudinal amyloid PET imaging using 18 F‐florbetapir was performed in a subset of patients (n=488 in EMERGE; n=585 in ENGAGE) at screening, Week 26, and Week 78. Subgroup analysis of amyloid PET SUVR for 6 prespecified factors including age (≤64, 65 to 74, or ≥75 years), sex (male or female), ApoE ε4 status (carrier or noncarrier), baseline clinical stage (MCI due to AD or mild AD dementia), baseline Mini‐Mental State Exam (≤26 or ≥27) and use of AD symptomatic medications at baseline (yes or no) for a total of 13 subgroups was conducted for each study. Result An advantage of high‐dose and low‐dose aducanumab over placebo was observed in the 13 subgroups, with time‐ and dose‐dependent Aβ reduction observed in each subgroup. These results were consistent with the overall results of the amyloid PET biomarker substudies in which aducanumab treatment was associated with robust dose‐dependent reduction in brain Aβ levels. Conclusion Amyloid PET SUVR subgroup analysis revealed a consistent dose‐ and time‐dependent advantage of high‐dose and low‐dose aducanumab over placebo in the prespecified subgroups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 7
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. S4 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau in the brain. Aducanumab is a human monoclonal antibody that selectively targets aggregated forms of Aβ. In clinical studies, aducanumab treatment resulted in dose‐ and time‐dependent reduction in Aβ levels accompanied by slowed clinical decline. Method Participants in the Phase 1b PRIME study (NCT01677572) were randomized to receive aducanumab (1, 3, 6, or 10 mg/kg [fixed‐dose or titrated]) or placebo every 4 weeks (q4w). The effects of aducanumab on clinical endpoints and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) composite standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) were evaluated at the end of randomization (Week 54). In the Phase 3 EMERGE (NCT02484547) and ENGAGE (NCT02477800) studies, participants were randomized (1:1:1) to received high‐dose aducanumab (10 mg/kg), low‐dose aducanumab (3 mg/kg), or placebo q4w. At Week 78, the effects of aducanumab on clinical endpoints were assessed; the effects on AD biomarkers were assessed in PET and CSF substudies. In the EMERGE and ENGAGE substudies, participant‐level correlations between change from baseline in clinical measures (measured by CDR‐SB, MMSE, ADAS‐Cog 13, and ADCS‐ADL‐MCI) and change from baseline in amyloid PET SUVR or CSF biomarkers (p‐tau and t‐tau) at Week 78 were examined. The same analysis between clinical decline (measured by CDR‐SB and MMSE) and change in amyloid PET SUVR was investigated in PRIME at Week 54. Group‐level correlation between treatment effect on Aβ levels as measured by PET and clinical decline was conducted across all 3 studies. Result Findings from EMERGE suggest that reduction in AD biomarker levels (amyloid PET, CSF p‐tau, and CSF t‐tau) following treatment with aducanumab are associated with slowing in cognitive decline. Analyses from PRIME are supportive of these findings. In ENGAGE, in which a clinical treatment effect of aducanumab was not observed, correlations were less apparent. However, group‐level analyses based on data from PRIME, EMERGE, and ENGAGE demonstrated a correlation between aducanumab treatment effect on amyloid pathology and clinical measures. Conclusion The correlation analyses between biomarkers and clinical measures provide evidence that aducanumab‐induced reduction in biomarkers of AD disease pathophysiology is associated with reduced clinical decline.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 8
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S6 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: Recent technical performance improvements with the introduction of fully automated platforms have made cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers attractive alternatives to positron emission tomography (PET) for brain amyloid pathology confirmation in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Growing the body of evidence demonstrating high agreement between CSF biomarkers and amyloid PET across multiple automated platforms is critical to ensuring widespread access to and adoption of CSF biomarkers. Adding to previous data generated with Lumipulse® CSF immunoassays, this study assessed CSF biomarkers on the Elecsys® platform as valid alternatives to PET for amyloid confirmation by conducting a concordance analysis using data from EMERGE and ENGAGE, including performance evaluation of the Elecsys® Gen2 recommended cutoff. Methods EMERGE and ENGAGE were randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, global Phase 3 studies of aducanumab. Participants were 50‐85 years old and met clinical criteria for mild cognitive impairment due to AD or mild AD dementia. All enrolled participants had amyloid pathology detected by amyloid PET (visual read) during screening. Positive percent agreement (sensitivity), negative percent agreement (specificity), and overall percent agreement (OPA) were determined (with amyloid PET visual read as reference standard) for the following CSF biomarkers (and applicable ratios) using the Elecsys® immunoassay: using an internal cutoff value maximizing the Youden J index for Abeta40, Abeta42, phosphorylated tau (ptau181), tau; Abeta40/Abeta42, ptau181/Abeta42, tau/Abeta42; and for the ptau181/Abeta42 ratio using the Elecsys® Gen2 cutoff. Results N=349 participants (n=309 PET positive; n=40 PET negative) provided CSF at screening and were included in the analysis. Using internal cutoff values, tau, ptau 181 and Abeta 42 demonstrated OPA of 69%, 83% and 89% respectively, and CSF biomarker ratios showed increased diagnostic accuracy (OPA ≥95% for all ratios assessed). The Elecsys® Gen2 cutoff demonstrated excellent sensitivity(93%), specificity(82%), and OPA(92%). Conclusions These analyses demonstrate robust concordance between CSF biomarkers and amyloid PET visual read in EMERGE/ENGAGE and align with results generated previously. This supports the interchangeability of these biomarker methods for determination of amyloid positivity and applicability of the Elecsys® recommended cutoff in similar patient populations, with significant potential to improve accessibility of this critical biomarker for AD diagnosis in clinical trials and clinical practice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 9
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S6 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: TANGO was a randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase 2 study evaluating gosuranemab, an investigational anti‐tau antibody, for potential treatment of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer’s disease and mild Alzheimer’s disease. We explored the feasibility and validity of assessing 18F‐MK‐6240 tau PET positivity in post hoc exploratory analyses, to inform evaluation of treatment effect in future clinical trials. Method TANGO enrolled 654 individuals aged 50‐80 years, diagnosed with MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease or mild Alzheimer’s disease, positive for amyloid pathology. 357 participants enrolled in an optional 18F‐MK‐6240 tau PET substudy. Two expert neuroradiologists read each baseline scan as visually tau positive (Tau+) or negative (Tau‐); discrepant cases were resolved by consensus. Exploratory regional SUVR quantitative thresholds ( 〉 2 standard deviations from the mean) were derived on an external 18F‐MK‐6240 sample of N=103 elderly, cognitively unimpaired, amyloid negative adults. TANGO baseline tau PET scans were classified as quantitatively Tau+ if SUVR was above a threshold in composite regions for Braak I‐II (SUVR 〉 1.22) and/or Braak III‐IV (SUVR 〉 1.29). Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were compared between the Tau+ and Tau‐ groups and concordance between the two tau positivity approaches (visual read vs. quantitative SUVR thresholds) was assessed. Results 85%‐90% of the TANGO tau PET substudy population was Tau+ at baseline using quantitative or visual read approaches, respectively. Interrater agreement for the two visual readers was high (97%). Agreement between the visual read and quantitative methods was also high (93%). Tau+ and Tau‐ groups overlapped in their baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, but the Tau+ group trended toward indicators of more advanced disease at baseline (e.g. worse clinical scores). Conclusions Based on this study of patients diagnosed with MCI due to AD and mild Alzheimer’s disease, patients who are amyloid positive also have a high probability of having tau pathology as measured by either visual read or quantitative assessment. These exploratory analyses suggest the criteria for 18F‐MK‐6240 tau PET positivity using either visual read or SUVR quantitative thresholds are feasible and valid and provides opportunities to incorporate evaluation of 18F‐MK‐6240 tau positivity into clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 10
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 15, No. 7S_Part_7 ( 2019-07)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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