In:
PeerJ, PeerJ, Vol. 10 ( 2022-09-29), p. e14100-
Abstract:
The α -pinene is the main allelochemical of many weeds that inhibit the growth of Elymus nutans , an important forage and ecological restoration herbage. However, the response changes of α -pinene-induced allelopathy to E. nutans is still unclear. Here, we investigated the physiological, biochemical and phytohormone changes of E. nutans exposed to different α -pinene concentrations. The α -pinene-stress had no significant effect on height and fresh weight (FW) of seedlings. The water-soluble proteins, the soluble sugars and proline (Pro) strengthened seedlings immunity at 5 and 10 µL L −1 α -pinene. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased at 5 µL L −1 α -pinene to resist stress. APX reduced the membrane lipid peroxidation quickly at 10 µL L −1 α -pinene. The high-activity of peroxidase (POD), APX along with the high level of GSH contributed to the cellular redox equilibrium at 15 µL L −1 α -pinene. The POD, glutathione reductase (GR) activity and glutathione (GSH) level remained stable at 20 µL L −1 α -pinene. The changes in antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants indicated that E. nutans was effective in counteracting the harmful effects generated by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). The α -pinene caused severe phytotoxic effects in E. nutans seedlings at 15 and 20 µL L −1 . Endogenous signal nitric oxide (NO) and cell membrane damage product Pro accumulated in leaves of E. nutans seedlings at 15 and 20 µL L −1 α -pinene, while lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated. The chlorophylls (Chls), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) content decreased, and biomass of seedlings was severely inhibited at 20 µL L −1 α -pinene. The α -pinene caused phytotoxic effects on E. nutans seedlings mainly through breaking the balance of the membrane system rather than with reactive oxygen species (ROS) productionat 15 and 20 µL L −1 α -pinene. Additionally, phytohormone levels were altered by α -pinene-stress. Abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) of E. nutans seedlings were sensitive to α -pinene. As for the degree of α -pinene stress, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) played an important role in resisting allelopathic effects at 15 µL L −1 α -pinene. The ABA, Zeatin, SA, gibberellin 7 (GA7), JA and IAA levels increased at 20 µL L −1 α -pinene. The α -pinene had a greatest impact on ABA and IAA levels. Collectively, our results suggest that E. nutans seedlings were effective in counteracting the harmful effects at 5 and 10 µL L −1 α -pinene, and they were severely stressed at 15 and 20 µL L −1 α -pinene. Our findings provided references for understanding the allelopathic mechanism about allelochemicals to plants.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
ISSN:
2167-8359
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/fig-1
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/fig-2
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/fig-3
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/fig-4
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/fig-5
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/fig-6
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/fig-7
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/fig-8
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/table-1
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/table-2
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/supp-1
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/supp-2
DOI:
10.7717/peerj.14100/supp-3
Language:
English
Publisher:
PeerJ
Publication Date:
2022
detail.hit.zdb_id:
2703241-3
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