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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Removal of Ni (II) from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) Seed Stone
    Nepal Journals Online (JOL) ; 2014
    In:  Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2014-06-30), p. 166-174
    Details
    In: Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Nepal Journals Online (JOL), Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2014-06-30), p. 166-174
    Abstract: Activated carbons were prepared from Lapsi seed stone by the treatment with H2SO4 and HNO3 for the removal of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution. Two activated carbon have been prepared from Lapsi seed stones by treating with conc.H2SO4 and a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the ratio of 1:1 by weight for removal of Ni(II) ions. Chemical characterization of the resultant activated carbons was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration which revealed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like carboxyl, lactones and phenols in the carbons. The optimum pH for nickel adsorption is found to be 5. The adsorption data were better fitted with the Langmuir equations than Freundlich adsorption equation to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ni (II) on the resultant activated carbons was 28.25.8 mg g-1 with H2SO4 and 69.49 mg g-1 with a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3. The waste material used in the preparation of the activated carbons is inexpensive and readily available. Hence the carbons prepared from Lapsi seed stones can act as potential low cost adsorbents for the removal of Ni (II) from water. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10680Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 166–174
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1810-3383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3126/jie.v9i1.10680
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Nepal Journals Online (JOL)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2677761-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High Surface Area Nanoporous Graphitic Carbon Materials Derived from Lapsi Seed with Enhanced Supercapacitance
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2020-04-11), p. 728-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2020-04-11), p. 728-
    Abstract: Nanoporous activated carbon materials derived from agro-wastes could be suitable low-cost electrode materials for high-rate performance electrochemical supercapacitors. Here we report high surface area nanoporous carbon materials derived from Lapsi seed agro-waste prepared by zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activation at 700 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) and Raman scattering confirmed the amorphous structure of the resulting carboniferous materials, which also incorporate oxygen-containing functional groups as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) analyses revealed the granular, nanoporous structures of the materials. High-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) confirmed a graphitic carbon structure containing interconnected mesopores. Surface areas and pore volumes of the materials were found, respectively, in the ranges from 931 to 2272 m2 g−1 and 0.998 to 2.845 cm3 g−1, and are thus superior to commercially available activated carbons. High surface areas, large pore volumes and interconnected mesopore structures of these Lapsi seed-derived nanoporous carbon materials lead to their excellent electrochemical supercapacitance performance in aqueous electrolyte (1 M H2SO4) with a maximum specific capacitance of 284 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the electrodes showed high-rate capability sustaining 67.7% capacity retention even at high current density of 20 A g−1 with excellent cycle stability achieving 99% capacitance retention even after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles demonstrating the potential of Lapsi seed derived nanoporous carbons as suitable electrode materials in high-performance supercapacitor devices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano10040728
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Porous activated carbon materials from Triphala seed stones for high-performance supercapacitor applications
    Nepal Journals Online (JOL) ; 2023
    In:  BIBECHANA Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2023-04-05), p. 10-20
    Details
    In: BIBECHANA, Nepal Journals Online (JOL), Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2023-04-05), p. 10-20
    Abstract: Porous activated carbon materials derived from biomass could be the suitable materials for high-rate performance electrochemical supercapacitors as it exhibits high surface area due to well-defined pore structure. Here, we report the novel porous activated carbon from Triphala seed stones by chemical activation with zinc chloride at different carbonization temperature (400-700 °C) under the nitrogen gas atmosphere. The activated carbon was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements was used to study the surface properties (effective surface areas, pore volumes and pore size distributions). The electrochemical measurements were performed in an aqueous 1 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution in a three-electrode cell set up. Triphala seed stones-derived porous carbon materials with well-defined micro- and mesopores exhibit high specific surface area ranges from 878.7 to 1233.3 m2 g-1 and total pore volume ranges from 0.439 to 0.626 cm3 g-1. The specific capacitance obtained by electrochemical measurement experiment was 208.7 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. These results indicate that the prepared nanoporous activated carbon material from Triphala seed stones would have significant possibility as supercapacitor electrode material for high-energy-storage supercapacitor applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2382-5340 , 2091-0762
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3126/bibechana.v20i1.53432
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Nepal Journals Online (JOL)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2861633-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High temperature x-ray diffraction studies on antiferroelectric and ferroelectric phase transitions in (Pb1−xBax)ZrO3 (x=0.05,0.10)
    AIP Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 90, No. 6 ( 2001-09-15), p. 2985-2994
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physics, AIP Publishing, Vol. 90, No. 6 ( 2001-09-15), p. 2985-2994
    Abstract: We have carried out high temperature x-ray diffraction studies on (Pb1−xBax)ZrO3(PBZ) to correlate the large thermal hysteresis (∼100 °C for x=0.05) and irreversibility (for x=0.10) of the antiferroelectric (AFE)–ferroelectric (FE) phase transition observed in dielectric measurements with structural changes. It is shown that for both the compositions, the sequence of phase transitions during heating is orthorhombic antiferroelectric (AO) to rhombohedral ferroelectric (FR) and then to cubic paraelectric (PC). The wide phase coexistence region (∼80 °C for x=0.05 and ∼160 °C for x=0.10) and the arrest of the FR to AO transition for x=0.10 during cooling strongly indicate first order character of the AO–FR transition. It is shown that the transformation strains associated with the AO to FR transition increases with Ba2+ concentration from a value of 0.6% for x=0 to 0.9% for 0.10. Similarities of the AO–FR transition in PBZ with nonthermoelastic martensitic transformations are pointed out. The FR to PC transition is also shown to be first order but with a small thermal hysteresis (∼10 °C) and a small discontinuous change in the cell volume (∼0.5%).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8979 , 1089-7550
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1063/1.1390308
    Language: English
    Publisher: AIP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 220641-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3112-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1476463-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rhombohedral superlattice structure and relaxor ferroelectric behavior of (Pb0.70Ba0.30)ZrO3 ceramics
    AIP Publishing ; 1999
    In:  Applied Physics Letters Vol. 74, No. 5 ( 1999-02-01), p. 756-758
    Details
    In: Applied Physics Letters, AIP Publishing, Vol. 74, No. 5 ( 1999-02-01), p. 756-758
    Abstract: Superlattice reflections observed in the neutron powder-diffraction patterns of (Pb0.80Ba0.20)ZrO3 (PBZ20) and (Pb0.70Ba0.30)ZrO3 (PBZ30) are explained in terms of doubled rhombohedral cell (R3c). A Rietveld analysis of the neutron data reveals that the displacements of Pb2+/Ba2+ and Zr4+ decrease with increasing Ba2+ content while the thermal parameter for Pb2+/Ba2+ increases and becomes similar to ferroelectric relaxors. Dielectric studies indeed confirm relaxor behavior in PBZ30 with Vogel–Fulcher type relaxational freezing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-6951 , 1077-3118
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1063/1.123113
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: AIP Publishing
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 211245-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1469436-0
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nanoporous Carbon Materials from Terminalia bellirica Seed for Iodine and Methylene Blue Adsorption and High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan Vol. 96, No. 6 ( 2023-06-15), p. 572-581
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 96, No. 6 ( 2023-06-15), p. 572-581
    Abstract: Here we report the methylene blue adsorption and energy storage supercapacitance performances of the nanoporous activated carbons obtained by the zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activation of biowaste, Terminalia bellirica (Barro) seed stone. The activation was performed at lower temperatures (400–700 °C) under an inert nitrogen gas atmosphere. The total specific surface area and pore volume range from 1077 to 1303 m2 g−1 and 0.752 to 0.873 cm3 g−1, depending on the carbonization temperature. Due to the well-developed porosity, the sample with optimal surface area showed excellent iodine and methylene blue adsorption properties with a maximum iodine number and methylene blue value of 909.8 mg g−1 and 357.2 mg g−1, respectively. Batch adsorption studies revealed that the optimum methylene blue adsorption is favorable in an alkaline medium, with a contact time of 270 min and an adsorbent dose of 8 g L−1, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model could best explain the equilibrium adsorption with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 312.5 mg g−1. The electrochemical measurements performed in a three-electrode system revealed a high specific capacitance of 319 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the electrode retained 46% capacitance at 50 A g−1 with an excellent cycle life of 98.5% after 10,000 consecutive charging/discharging cycles. These results imply that a biowaste Terminalia bellirica seed has a considerable potential to produce high surface area porous carbons materials desired in adsorption technology and high-performance supercapacitor applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0009-2673 , 1348-0634
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20230093
    RVK:
    VA 3140
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2041163-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dielectric studies of phase transitions in (Pb1−xBax)ZrO3
    AIP Publishing ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 88, No. 9 ( 2000-11-01), p. 5364-5373
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physics, AIP Publishing, Vol. 88, No. 9 ( 2000-11-01), p. 5364-5373
    Abstract: Phase transitions in semiwet derived (Pb1−xBax)ZrO3 ceramics for the composition range 0⩽x⩽0.30 have been investigated by dielectric measurements at various frequencies during heating and cooling cycles. The paraelectric (PE) to ferroelectric (FE) to antiferroelectric (AFE) sequence of phase transitions is observed for 0⩽x & lt;0.20. On increasing the Ba2+ content from x=0 to x=0.05, the thermal hysteresis associated with the AFE–FE phase transition increases from 11 to 100 °C. This is attributed to the increase in the piezoelectric coupling between the strain and polarization. For x=0.20, the FE phase does not transform into the AFE phase on cooling. Pronounced deviations from the regular FE behavior are observed on increasing the Ba2+ content to x=0.25. For x=0.30, the temperatures corresponding to the peak values of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant become frequency dependent indicating relaxor FE behavior. It is shown that the polar clusters present in the PE phase undergo Vogel–Fulcher type relaxational freezing in the relaxor FE phase. The results of temperature dependent polarization measurements confirm the findings of the dielectric studies. It is proposed that Ba2+ substitution modifies the AFE and FE interactions of the PbZrO3 matrix in such a manner that their strengths become comparable for x=0.30 leading to the glassy or relaxor behavior.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8979 , 1089-7550
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1063/1.1317241
    Language: English
    Publisher: AIP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 220641-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3112-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1476463-5
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Phyllanthus emblica Seed-Derived Hierarchically Porous Carbon Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 23 ( 2022-11-23), p. 8335-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 23 ( 2022-11-23), p. 8335-
    Abstract: The electrical double-layer supercapacitance performance of the nanoporous carbons prepared from the Phyllanthus emblica (Amala) seed by chemical activation using the potassium hydroxide (KOH) activator is reported. KOH activation was carried out at different temperatures (700–1000 °C) under nitrogen gas atmosphere, and in a three-electrode cell set-up the electrochemical measurements were performed in an aqueous 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution. Because of the hierarchical pore structures with well-defined micro- and mesopores, Phyllanthus emblica seed-derived carbon materials exhibit high specific surface areas in the range of 1360 to 1946 m2 g−1, and the total pore volumes range from 0.664 to 1.328 cm3 g−1. The sample with the best surface area performed admirably as the supercapacitor electrode-material, achieving a high specific capacitance of 272 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, it sustained 60% capacitance at a high current density of 50 A g−1, followed by a remarkably long cycle-life of 98% after 10,000 subsequent charging/discharging cycles, demonstrating the electrode’s excellent rate-capability. These results show that the Phyllanthus emblica seed would have significant possibilities as a sustainable carbon-source for the preparing high-surface-area activated-carbons desired in high-energy-storage supercapacitors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15238335
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Ba 2 + substitution on the stability of the antiferroelectric and ferroelectric phases in ( Pb 1 − x Ba x ) ZrO 3 : Phenomenological theory considerations
    American Physical Society (APS) ; 2002
    In:  Physical Review B Vol. 65, No. 21 ( 2002-6-6)
    Details
    In: Physical Review B, American Physical Society (APS), Vol. 65, No. 21 ( 2002-6-6)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0163-1829 , 1095-3795
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.214108
    RVK:
    UA 6500.3.B
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2844160-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209770-9
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Irreversibility of the antiferroelectric to ferroelectric phase transition in (Pb0.90Ba0.10)ZrO3 ceramics
    AIP Publishing ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 86, No. 6 ( 1999-09-15), p. 3327-3332
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physics, AIP Publishing, Vol. 86, No. 6 ( 1999-09-15), p. 3327-3332
    Abstract: Dielectric and x-ray diffraction evidences are presented to show that the antiferroelectric to ferroelectric phase transition in (Pb0.90Ba0.10)ZrO3 ceramics is not reversible during the cooling cycle. It is shown that the stable antiferroelectric phase recovers from the metastable ferroelectric matrix on aging at room temperature. The kinetics of recovery of the antiferroelectric phase is very sluggish. It is pointed out that this type of irreversibility occurs in field induced antiferroelectric to ferroelectric transitions also. This may have serious implications for the actuator applications of these materials. It is proposed that the large transformation strains associated with the antiferroelectric orthorhombic to ferroelectric rhombohedral phase transition is responsible for this irreversibility.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8979 , 1089-7550
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1063/1.371209
    Language: English
    Publisher: AIP Publishing
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 220641-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3112-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1476463-5
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