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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    The impact of acute mental stress on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation differs when shear stress is elevated by reactive hyperemia versus handgrip exercise
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2013
    In:  Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism Vol. 38, No. 5 ( 2013-05), p. 498-506
    Details
    In: Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 38, No. 5 ( 2013-05), p. 498-506
    Abstract: Acute mental stress can impair brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in response to reactive hyperemia (RH) induced increases in shear stress. Handgrip exercise (HGEX) is emerging as a useful tool to increase shear stress for FMD assessment; however, the impact of acute mental stress on HGEX-FMD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute mental stress attenuates RH- and HGEX-induced BA-FMD to a similar extent. In 2 counterbalanced visits, 16 healthy males (19–27 years of age) performed RH-FMD or HGEX-FMD tests after a counting control task (prestress FMD) and a speech and arithmetic stress task (poststress FMD). BA diameter and mean blood velocity were assessed with echo and Doppler ultrasound, respectively. Shear stress was estimated using shear rate (SR = BA blood velocity/BA diameter). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and salivary cortisol were used to assess stress reactivity. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. The stress task elevated MAP (Δ24.0 ± 2.6 mm Hg) and HR (Δ15.5 ± 1.9 beats·min –1 ), but not cortisol (prestress vs. poststress: 4.4 ± 0.7 nmol·L –1 vs. 4.7 ± 0.7 nmol·L –1 ; p = 0.625). There was no difference between the pre- and poststress SR stimulus for RH (p = 0.115) or HGEX (p = 0.664). RH-FMD decreased from 5.2% ± 0.6% prestress to 4.1% ± 0.5% poststress (p = 0.071); however, stress did not attenuate HGEX-FMD (prestress vs. poststress: 4.1% ± 0.6% vs. 5.3% ± 0.6%; p = 0.154). The pre- to poststress change in FMD was significantly different in the RH-FMD vs. the HGEX-FMD test (–1.1% ± 0.6% vs. +1.1% ± 0.8%; p = 0.015). In conclusion, acute mental stress appears to have a disparate impact on FMD stimulated by RH vs. HGEX induced increases in shear stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1715-5312 , 1715-5320
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0328
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 2
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    Evidence that meal fat content does not impact hemodynamic reactivity to or recovery from repeated mental stress tasks
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2014
    In:  Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism Vol. 39, No. 11 ( 2014-11), p. 1314-1321
    Details
    In: Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 39, No. 11 ( 2014-11), p. 1314-1321
    Abstract: The magnitude (reactivity) and duration (recovery) of hemodynamic stress responses are predictive of cardiovascular risk, and fat intake has been shown to enhance hemodynamic reactivity to psychological stress tasks. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a high-fat meal (HFM) on the magnitude and stability of hemodynamic stress reactivity and recovery. This was assessed by: (i) the peak changes from baseline to during stress for heart rate (HR); mean, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure; cardiac output; and total peripheral resistance; and (ii) the residual arousal in hemodynamic parameters at 2 points post-stress (“early” and “late” recovery). On different days, 10 healthy males (aged 23.2 ± 3.3 years) consumed either a HFM (54 g fat) or low-fat meal (LFM; 0 g fat) (∼1000 calories each), followed by 4 hourly 10-min stress tasks (mental arithmetic and speech tasks). Pre-stress (baseline) parameters did not differ between HFM and LFM conditions (all P 〉 0.05). Plasma triglycerides were greater following the HFM versus the LFM (P = 0.023). No reactivity or recovery parameters differed between meals (all P 〉 0.05). Stress reactivity and recovery parameters were stable over the 4 stress tasks (main effects of time, all P 〉 0.05), with the exception of HR (P 〈 0.05). Contrary to previous reports, meal fat content did not impact hemodynamic reactivity to laboratory stressors. These data also provide the first evidence that meal fat content does not impact hemodynamic recovery from repeated mental stress tasks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1715-5312 , 1715-5320
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0111
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 3
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    Prenatal exercise for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    BMJ ; 2018
    In:  British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 52, No. 21 ( 2018-11), p. 1367-1375
    Details
    In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, BMJ, Vol. 52, No. 21 ( 2018-11), p. 1367-1375
    Abstract: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gestational hypertension (GH) and pre-eclampsia (PE) are associated with short and long-term health issues for mother and child; prevention of these complications is critically important. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationships between prenatal exercise and GDM, GH and PE. Design Systematic review with random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression. Data sources Online databases were searched up to 6 January 2017. Study eligibility criteria Studies of all designs were included (except case studies) if published in English, Spanish or French, and contained information on the Population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), Intervention (subjective or objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise, alone [“exercise-only”] or in combination with other intervention components [e.g., dietary; “exercise + co-intervention”] ), Comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume and type of exercise) and Outcomes (GDM, GH, PE). Results A total of 106 studies (n=273 182) were included. ‘Moderate’ to ‘high’-quality evidence from randomised controlled trials revealed that exercise-only interventions, but not exercise+cointerventions, reduced odds of GDM (n=6934; OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.75), GH (n=5316; OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.85) and PE (n=3322; OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.9) compared with no exercise. To achieve at least a 25% reduction in the odds of developing GDM, PE and GH, pregnant women need to accumulate at least 600 MET-min/week of moderate-intensity exercise (eg, 140 min of brisk walking, water aerobics, stationary cycling or resistance training). Summary/conclusions In conclusion, exercise-only interventions were effective at lowering the odds of developing GDM, GH and PE.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0306-3674 , 1473-0480
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099355
    DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099355.supp1
    Language: English
    Publisher: BMJ
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 4
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    Individual vasodilatory response heterogeneity during progressive forearm exercise: evidence for vasodilator phenotypes
    Wiley ; 2013
    In:  The FASEB Journal Vol. 27, No. S1 ( 2013-04)
    Details
    In: The FASEB Journal, Wiley, Vol. 27, No. S1 ( 2013-04)
    Abstract: To determine whether vasodilator and/or pressor response phenotypes are present during a perfusion pressure induced perturbation to exercising muscle oxygen delivery (O 2 D). METHODS 10 healthy male subjects (19.5±0.4 yrs) completed two trials of progressive handgrip exercise to exhaustion (2.5kg increments every 3.5 mins) in each forearm above and below heart level (forearm arterial perfusion pressure (FAPP) Δ 29.5±0.97mmHg). Forearm blood flow ((FBF (ml/min); brachial artery Doppler and echo ultrasound), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP (mmHg); finger photoplethysmography) and O 2 D (ml/O 2 /min; venous effluents) were measured at the end of each work rate (WR). RESULTS Group level, Δ FBF was compromised beyond the 5kg WR in above vs. below. There was no vasodilatory (P=0.21) or exercise pressor (P=0.63) response, and submax O 2 D, submax and peak VO 2 and peak WR were compromised by reduced FAPP (all P 〈 0.05). In contrast, individual responses revealed compensatory vasodilators (n=6) and those who did not (n=4). Vasodilators blunted the FAPP‐evoked reduction in submax O 2 D and VO 2 compared to non‐vasodilators (P 〈 0.05), and experienced less of a compromise to peak WR (P 〈 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the current model, vasodilatory response phenotypes exist, which determine hypoperfusion susceptibility and the degree to which aerobic metabolism and exercise performance are compromised. NSERC.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0892-6638 , 1530-6860
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1096/fsb2.v27.S1
    DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1125.6
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 5
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    Impact of prenatal exercise on neonatal and childhood outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    BMJ ; 2018
    In:  British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 52, No. 21 ( 2018-11), p. 1386-1396
    Details
    In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, BMJ, Vol. 52, No. 21 ( 2018-11), p. 1386-1396
    Abstract: We aimed to identify the relationship between maternal prenatal exercise and birth complications, and neonatal and childhood morphometric, metabolic and developmental outcomes. Design Systematic review with random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression. Data sources Online databases were searched up to 6 January 2017. Study eligibility criteria Studies of all designs were eligible (except case studies and reviews) if published in English, Spanish or French, and contained information on the relevant population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), intervention (subjective/objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise, alone (‘exercise-only’) or in combination with other intervention components (eg, dietary; ‘exercise+cointervention’)), comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume, type or trimester of exercise) and outcomes (preterm birth, gestational age at delivery, birth weight, low birth weight ( 〈 2500 g), high birth weight ( 〉 4000 g), small for gestational age, large for gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction, neonatal hypoglycaemia, metabolic acidosis (cord blood pH, base excess), hyperbilirubinaemia, Apgar scores, neonatal intensive care unit admittance, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, neonatal body composition (per cent body fat, body weight, body mass index (BMI), ponderal index), childhood obesity (per cent body fat, body weight, BMI) and developmental milestones (including cognitive, psychosocial, motor skills)). Results A total of 135 studies (n=166 094) were included. There was ‘high’ quality evidence from exercise-only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showing a 39% reduction in the odds of having a baby 〉 4000 g (macrosomia: 15 RCTs, n=3670; OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.92) in women who exercised compared with women who did not exercise, without affecting the odds of growth-restricted, preterm or low birth weight babies. Prenatal exercise was not associated with the other neonatal or infant outcomes that were examined. Conclusions Prenatal exercise is safe and beneficial for the fetus. Maternal exercise was associated with reduced odds of macrosomia (abnormally large babies) and was not associated with neonatal complications or adverse childhood outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0306-3674 , 1473-0480
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099836
    DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099836.supp1
    Language: English
    Publisher: BMJ
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 6
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    Effectiveness of exercise interventions in the prevention of excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    BMJ ; 2018
    In:  British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 52, No. 21 ( 2018-11), p. 1347-1356
    Details
    In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, BMJ, Vol. 52, No. 21 ( 2018-11), p. 1347-1356
    Abstract: Gestational weight gain (GWG) has been identified as a critical modifier of maternal and fetal health. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the relationship between prenatal exercise, GWG and postpartum weight retention (PPWR). Design Systematic review with random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression. Online databases were searched up to 6 January 2017. Study eligibility criteria Studies of all designs in English, Spanish or French were eligible (except case studies and reviews) if they contained information on the population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), intervention (frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise, alone [“exercise-only”] or in combination with other intervention components [eg, dietary; “exercise + co-intervention”] ), comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise) and outcomes (GWG, excessive GWG (EGWG), inadequate GWG (IGWG) or PPWR). Results Eighty-four unique studies (n=21 530) were included. ‘Low’ to ‘moderate’ quality evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showed that exercise-only interventions decreased total GWG (n=5819; −0.9 kg, 95% CI −1.23 to –0.57 kg, I 2 =52%) and PPWR (n=420; −0.92 kg, 95% CI −1.84 to 0.00 kg, I 2 =0%) and reduced the odds of EGWG (n=3519; OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.80, I 2 =12%) compared with no exercise. ‘High’ quality evidence indicated higher odds of IGWG with prenatal exercise-only (n=1628; OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.67, I 2 =0%) compared with no exercise. Conclusions Prenatal exercise reduced the odds of EGWG and PPWR but increased the risk of IGWG. However, the latter result should be interpreted with caution because it was based on a limited number of studies (five RCTs).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0306-3674 , 1473-0480
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099399
    DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099399.supp1
    Language: English
    Publisher: BMJ
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 7
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    Prenatal exercise is not associated with fetal mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    BMJ ; 2019
    In:  British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 53, No. 2 ( 2019-01), p. 108-115
    Details
    In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, BMJ, Vol. 53, No. 2 ( 2019-01), p. 108-115
    Abstract: To perform a systematic review of the relationship between prenatal exercise and fetal or newborn death. Design Systematic review with random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression. Data sources Online databases were searched up to 6 January 2017. Study eligibility criteria Studies of all designs were included (except case studies) if they were published in English, Spanish or French and contained information on the population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), intervention (subjective or objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise, alone [“exercise-only”] or in combination with other intervention components [eg, dietary; “exercise + co-intervention”] ), comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume and type of exercise) and outcome (miscarriage or perinatal mortality). Results Forty-six studies (n=2 66 778) were included. There was ‘very low’ quality evidence suggesting no increased odds of miscarriage (23 studies, n=7125 women; OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.21, I 2 =0%) or perinatal mortality (13 studies, n=6837 women, OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.52, I 2 =0%) in pregnant women who exercised compared with those who did not. Stratification by subgroups did not affect odds of miscarriage or perinatal mortality. The meta-regressions identified no associations between volume, intensity or frequency of exercise and fetal or newborn death. As the majority of included studies examined the impact of moderate intensity exercise to a maximum duration of 60 min, we cannot comment on the effect of longer periods of exercise. Summary/conclusions Although the evidence in this field is of ‘very low’ quality, it suggests that prenatal exercise is not associated with increased odds of miscarriage or perinatal mortality. In plain terms, this suggests that generally speaking exercise is ‘safe’ with respect to miscarriage and perinatal mortality.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0306-3674 , 1473-0480
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099773
    DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099773.supp1
    Language: English
    Publisher: BMJ
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 8
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    The combined influence of fat consumption and repeated mental stress on brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation: a preliminary study
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Experimental Physiology Vol. 99, No. 4 ( 2014-04), p. 715-728
    Details
    In: Experimental Physiology, Wiley, Vol. 99, No. 4 ( 2014-04), p. 715-728
    Abstract: What is the central question of this study? Both a high‐fat meal and acute mental stress can impair conduit artery endothelial function. The objective of this study was to determine whether the combination of a high‐fat meal and repeated postprandial stressful tasks would exacerbate dysfunction versus either stimulus alone. What is the main finding and its importance? Endothelial function was modestly greater when the postprandial state was accompanied by mental stress. Thus, in healthy subjects acute stress may confer protection from a negative impact of food consumption, possibly due in part to a stress‐induced reduction in plasma phosphorus levels. These findings challenge the position of acute mental stress as universally detrimental to endothelial function. Experienced separately, both acute mental stress and high‐fat meal consumption can transiently impair endothelial function, and the purpose of the present study was to investigate their combined impact. On four separate days, 10 healthy men (23 years old) underwent brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) tests, before and hourly for 4 h post‐consumption of a high‐fat (HFM; 54 g fat) or low‐fat meal (LFM; 0 g fat; each meal ∼1000 calories), with hourly mental stress (mental arithmetic, speech) or control (counting) tasks (conditions HFM+S, LFM+S, HFM and LFM). Data are presented as means ± SD. Plasma triglycerides increased and remained elevated after the high‐fat but not the low‐fat meal ( P  = 0.004) and were not affected by mental stress ( P  = 0.329). Indices of stress reactivity increased during mental stress tasks (mean arterial pressure, ∼∆20 mmHg; heart rate, ∼∆22 beats min −1 ; salivary cortisol, ∼∆2.37 nmol l −1 ; and plasma noradrenaline, ∼∆0.17 ng ml −1 ) and were not influenced by meal ( P   〉  0.05). There was no effect of the type of meal on FMD ( P  = 0.562); however, FMD was 4.5 ± 0.5% in the control conditions and 5.8 ± 0.6% in the mental stress conditions ( P  = 0.087), and this difference was significant when normalized for the shear stress stimulus (FMD/area under the curve of shear stress, P  = 0.045). Overall, these preliminary data suggest that postprandial FMD was augmented with mental stress irrespective of meal type. These results are contrary to previous reports of impaired endothelial function after mental stress or fat consumption independently and highlight the need to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the interactions between these factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0958-0670 , 1469-445X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1113/eph.2014.99.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077131
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 9
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    Individual susceptibility to hypoperfusion and reductions in exercise performance when perfusion pressure is reduced: evidence for vasodilator phenotypes
    American Physiological Society ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 117, No. 4 ( 2014-08-15), p. 392-405
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 117, No. 4 ( 2014-08-15), p. 392-405
    Abstract: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether cardiovascular compensatory response phenotypes exist in the face of a reduced perfusion pressure challenge to exercising muscle oxygen delivery (O 2 D), and whether these responses might be exercise intensity (EI) dependent. Ten healthy men (19.5 ± 0.4 yr) completed two trials of progressive forearm isometric handgrip exercise to exhaustion (24.5 N increments every 3.5 min) in each of forearm above and below heart level [forearm arterial perfusion pressure (FAPP) difference of 29.5 ± 0.97 mmHg]. At the end of each EI, measurements of forearm blood flow (FBF; ml/min) via brachial artery Doppler and echo ultrasound, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; mmHg) via finger photoplethysmography, and exercising forearm venous effluent via antecubital vein catheter revealed distinct cardiovascular response groups: n = 6 with compensatory vasodilation vs. n = 4 without compensatory vasodilation. Compensatory vasodilators were able to blunt the perfusion pressure-evoked reduction in submaximal O 2 D in the arm-above-heart condition, whereas nonvasodilators did not (−22.5 ± 13.6 vs. −65.4 ± 14.1 ml O 2 /min; P 〈 0.05), and in combination with being able to increase O 2 extraction, nonvasodilators defended submaximal V̇o 2 and experienced less of an accumulated submaximal O 2 D deficit (−80.7 ± 24.7 vs. −219.1 ± 36.0 ml O 2 /min; P 〈 0.05). As a result, the compensatory vasodilators experienced less of a compromise to peak EI than nonvasodilators (−24.5 ± 3.5 N vs. −52.1 ± 8.9 N; P 〈 0.05). In conclusion, in the forearm exercise model studied, vasodilatory response phenotypes exist that determine individual susceptibility to hypoperfusion and the degree to which aerobic metabolism and exercise performance are compromised.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01155.2013
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 10
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    Resistance training and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2020
    In:  Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism Vol. 45, No. 10 (Suppl. 2) ( 2020-10), p. S165-S179
    Details
    In: Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 45, No. 10 (Suppl. 2) ( 2020-10), p. S165-S179
    Abstract: The objective of this overview of systematic reviews was to determine the benefits and harms of resistance training (RT) on health outcomes in adults aged 18 years or older, compared with not participating in RT. Four electronic databases were searched in February 2019 for systematic reviews published in the past 10 years. Eligibility criteria were determined a priori for population (community dwelling adults), intervention (exclusively RT), comparator (no RT or different doses of RT), and health outcomes (critical: mortality, physical functioning, health-related quality of life, and adverse events; important: cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, mental health, brain health, cognitive function, cancer, fall-related injuries or falls, and bone health). We selected 1 review per outcome and we used the GRADE process to assess the strength of evidence. We screened 2089 records and 375 full-text articles independently, in duplicate. Eleven systematic reviews were included, representing 364 primary studies and 382 627 unique participants. RT was associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence, and an improvement in physical functioning. Effects on health-related quality of life or cognitive function were less certain. Adverse events were not consistently monitored or reported in RT studies, but serious adverse events were not common. Systematic reviews for the remaining important health outcomes could not be identified. Overall, RT training improved health outcomes in adults and the benefits outweighed the harms. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42019121641.) Novelty This overview was required to inform whether there was new evidence to support changes to the recommended guidelines for resistance training.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1715-5312 , 1715-5320
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0245
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2020
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