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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    gyrA Mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium and Their Contribution to Moxifloxacin Failure: Time for the Next Generation of Resistance-Guided Therapy
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Clinical Infectious Diseases Vol. 76, No. 12 ( 2023-06-16), p. 2187-2195
    Details
    In: Clinical Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 76, No. 12 ( 2023-06-16), p. 2187-2195
    Abstract: Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Mycoplasma genitalium parC contribute to fluoroquinolone treatment failure, data are limited for the homologous gene, gyrA. This study investigated the prevalence of gyrA SNPs and their contribution to fluoroquinolone failure. Methods Samples from 411 patients (male and female) undergoing treatment for M. genitalium infection (Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, March 2019–February 2020) were analyzed by Sanger sequencing (gyrA and parC). For patients treated with moxifloxacin (n = 194), the association between SNPs and microbiologic treatment outcome was analyzed. Results The most common parC SNP was G248T/S83I (21.1% of samples), followed by D87N (2.3%). The most common gyrA SNP was G285A/M95I (7.1%). Dual parC/gyrA SNPs were found in 8.6% of cases. One third of infections harboring parC G248T/S83I SNP had a concurrent SNP in gyrA conferring M95I. SNPs in gyrA cooccurred with parC S83I variations. Treatment failure was higher in patients with parC S83I/gyrA dual SNPs when compared with infections with single S83I SNP alone from analysis of (1) 194 cases in this study (81.2% vs 45.8%, P = .047), and (2) pooled analysis of a larger population of 535 cases (80.6% vs 43.2%; P = .0027), indicating a strong additive effect. Conclusions Compared with parC S83I SNP alone, M. genitalium infections with dual mutations affecting parC/gyrA had twice the likelihood of failing moxifloxacin. Although antimicrobial resistance varies by region globally, these data indicate that gyrA should be considered as a target for future resistance assays in Australasia. We propose a strategy for the next generation of resistance-guided therapy incorporating parC and gyrA testing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1058-4838 , 1537-6591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad057
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002229-3
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  • 2
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    Are Mycoplasma hominis , Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum Associated With Specific Genital Symptoms and Clinical Signs in Nonpregnant Women?
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  Clinical Infectious Diseases Vol. 73, No. 4 ( 2021-08-16), p. 659-668
    Details
    In: Clinical Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 73, No. 4 ( 2021-08-16), p. 659-668
    Abstract: There is limited evidence supporting an association between Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum with symptoms or disease in nonpregnant women. However, testing and reporting of these organisms frequently occurs, in part due to their inclusion in multiplex-PCR assays for sexually transmitted infection (STI) detection. We investigated if M. hominis, U. urealyticum, and U. parvum were associated with symptoms and/or signs in nonpregnant women attending a sexual health service. Methods Eligible women attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre completed a questionnaire regarding sexual practices and symptoms. Symptomatic women underwent examination. Women were assessed for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and tested for M. hominis, U. urealyticum, and U. parvum, and 4 nonviral STIs using a commercial multiplex-PCR. Results 1272 women were analyzed. After adjusting for STIs and VVC, M. hominis was associated with abnormal vaginal discharge (aOR = 2.70, 95%CI:1.92–3.79), vaginal malodor (aOR = 4.27, 95%CI:3.08–5.91), vaginal pH  & gt; 4.5 (aOR = 4.27, 95%CI:3.22–5.66), and presence of clue cells (aOR = 8.08, 95%CI:5.68–11.48). Ureaplasma spp. were not associated with symptoms/signs. Bacterial vaginosis was strongly associated with M. hominis (aOR = 8.01, 95%CI:5.99–10.71), but was not associated with either Ureaplasma spp. In stratified analyses, M. hominis was associated with self-reported vaginal malodor and clinician-recorded vaginal discharge in women with BV, but not with symptoms/signs in women without BV. Conclusions Only M. hominis was associated with symptoms/signs, and these were manifestations of BV. Importantly, M. hominis was not associated with symptoms/signs in women without BV. These findings do not support routine testing for M. hominis, U. urealyticum, and U. parvum in nonpregnant women.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1058-4838 , 1537-6591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab061
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002229-3
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  • 3
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    parC Variants in Mycoplasma genitalium: Trends over Time and Association with Moxifloxacin Failure
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2022
    In:  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Vol. 66, No. 5 ( 2022-05-17)
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 66, No. 5 ( 2022-05-17)
    Abstract: Prevalence, trends, and treatment outcome estimates were generated for parC variants in macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium . Among 539 cases, the most common amino acid change was S83I, which increased from 13% in 2012 to 2013, to 23% in 2019 to 2020 ( P trend  = 0.046). From 381 moxifloxacin treatments, failure occurred in 58.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46.7 to 69.9) of cases with S83I. Other changes affecting S83 or D87 were uncommon and minor contributors to failure. The absence of S83I was highly predictive of moxifloxacin cure (96.4%; 95% CI, 93.7 to 98.2), highlighting diagnostic potential.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/aac.00278-22
    RVK:
    XA 24552
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
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    The clinical indications for testing women for Mycoplasma genitalium
    BMJ ; 2021
    In:  Sexually Transmitted Infections
    Details
    In: Sexually Transmitted Infections, BMJ
    Abstract: While the contribution of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) to symptoms in men is well described, less is known about its association with common genital symptoms in women. We aimed to determine the prevalence of MG and macrolide resistance, and its association with common genital symptoms in women attending a sexual health service, to inform indications for testing and clinical practice. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional study of symptomatic and asymptomatic women attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC), between April 2017 and April 2019. Women were tested for MG and macrolide resistance, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Trichomonas vaginalis , bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Women completed a questionnaire on symptoms, and symptomatic women underwent examination. The prevalence of MG (and macrolide resistance) and other genital infections was calculated with 95% CIs, and associations between these outcomes and specific genital symptoms were examined using logistic regression. Results Of 1318 women, 83 (6%, 95% CI: 5% to 8%) had MG, of which 39 (48%, 95% CI: 36% to 59%) had macrolide-resistant MG; 103 (8%, 95% CI: 6% to 9%) women had CT. MG prevalence was similar in asymptomatic (10 of 195; 5%) and symptomatic (73 of 1108; 7%) women, p=0.506. MG was associated with mucopurulent cervicitis on examination (adjusted OR=4.38, 95% CI: 1.69 to 11.33, p=0.002), but was not associated with other specific genital symptoms or signs. Conclusions MG was as common as CT among women attending MSHC. MG was not associated with genital symptoms, but like CT, was significantly associated with cervicitis. These data provide evidence that routine testing for MG in women with common genital symptoms is not indicated. The presence of macrolide resistance in 48% of women supports use of resistance-guided therapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1368-4973 , 1472-3263
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054818
    Language: English
    Publisher: BMJ
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2027968-1
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  • 5
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    Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium fluoroquinolone-resistance markers, and dual-class-resistance markers, in asymptomatic men who have sex with men
    Microbiology Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Medical Microbiology Vol. 70, No. 9 ( 2021-09-30)
    Details
    In: Journal of Medical Microbiology, Microbiology Society, Vol. 70, No. 9 ( 2021-09-30)
    Abstract: Introduction. Failure of fluoroquinolones, the principal treatment option for macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium infections, has recently emerged. This is of particular concern for men who have sex with men (MSM), who have high proportions of macrolide-resistant M. genitalium infections. Treatment failure with moxifloxacin is likely the result of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in parC , whilst concurrent gyrA mutations may play a role. Gap Statement. The levels of fluoroquinolone resistance and dual-class (i.e. macrolide and fluoroquinolone) resistance in M. genitalium among asymptomatic MSM is unknown. Aim. To (i) determine the proportion of fluoroquinolone resistance and dual-class resistance in M. genitalium infections among asymptomatic MSM, (ii) explore any clinical and behavioural associations with fluoroquinolone resistance, and (iii) determine the distribution of antibiotic resistance among M. genitalium mgpB sequence types (STs). Methodology. M. genitalium positive samples ( N =94) were obtained from 1001 asymptomatic MSM enrolled in a study at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (Carlton, Australia) between August 2016 and September 2017. Sanger sequencing was performed to determine the proportion of M. genitalium infections with SNPs in parC that have previously been associated with failure of moxifloxacin (corresponding to amino changes S83I, D83R, D87Y and D87N) and in gyrA (corresponding to amino acid changes M95I, D99N, D99Y and D99G). Associations between clinical/behavioural factors and parC SNPs were examined. Strain typing was performed by sequencing a portion of the mgpB gene. Results. The proportion of MSM with infections harbouring parC and gyrA SNPs was 13.0 % [95 % confidence interval (CI): 6.8–23.2 %] and 4.7 % (95 % CI: 1.1–13.4 %), respectively; dual-class resistance was 13.0 %. No significant clinical/behavioural associations were found. Antibiotic resistance was not restricted to specific mgpB STs. Conclusion. One in eight (13 %) of asymptomatic MSM with M. genitalium had an infection with dual-class-resistance mutations. Typing by mgpB sequence suggested fluoroquinolone resistance is arising from independent mutation events. This study illustrates that asymptomatic MSM may act as a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant M. genitalium .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-2615 , 1473-5644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001429
    RVK:
    XA 55020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Microbiology Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2083944-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    The Urethral Microbiota of Men with and without Idiopathic Urethritis
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2022
    In:  mBio Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2022-10-26)
    Details
    In: mBio, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2022-10-26)
    Abstract: Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is a common genital tract syndrome in men, and up to 50% of cases are considered idiopathic, i.e., no etiological agent is identified. This poses challenges for clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of NGU and often results in antibiotic misuse and overuse. Therefore, to identify potential infectious causes of urethritis and inform clinical management of urethritis cases, we characterized and compared the urethral microbiota of men with and without idiopathic urethritis. Participants were derived from a case-control study that examined viral and bacterial pathogens and sexual practices associated with NGU. Men with NGU who tested negative for established causes of NGU ( Chlamydia trachomatis , Mycoplasma genitalium , Trichomonas vaginalis , adenoviruses, herpes simplex virus [HSV]-1, and/or HSV-2) were classified as idiopathic cases, and the controls were men reporting no current urethral symptoms. Men provided a urine sample that was used to characterize the urethral microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial taxa associated with idiopathic urethritis were identified using analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction. When stratified by sex of sexual partner, we found that the abundance of Haemophilus influenzae was significantly increased in men who have sex with men with idiopathic urethritis, and the abundance of Corynebacterium was significantly increased in men who have sex with women with idiopathic urethritis. Other taxa, including Ureaplasma , Staphylococcus haemolyticus , Streptococcus pyogenes , Escherichia , and Streptococcus pneumoniae / pseudopneumoniae , dominated the urethral microbiota of idiopathic urethritis cases but not controls, suggesting that these organisms may also contribute to urethritis. Importantly, the taxa we identified represent biologically plausible causes of urethritis and should be prioritized for future study. IMPORTANCE Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is the commonest genital tract syndrome in men and is nearly universally presumptively treated with an antibiotic. Common causes of NGU include Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium , but in more than 50% of cases, an infectious cause is not identified. In this case-control study, we found that the urethral microbiota composition differed between men with and without idiopathic urethritis and differed by sex of sexual partner. We identified specific bacterial taxa that were associated with idiopathic urethritis, including Haemophilus influenzae and Corynebacterium . These data, together with the finding that key bacterial taxa were found to dominate the urethral microbiota of cases but not controls, suggest that a range of bacteria contribute to urethritis and that these organisms may be influenced by sexual practices. Through identifying the infectious causes of urethritis, we can inform appropriate targeted diagnostic and treatment practices and importantly reduce misuse and overuse of antibiotics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-7511
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02213-22
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2557172-2
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  • 7
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    DataSheet_1.pdf
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Vol. 11 ( 2021-11-12)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 11 ( 2021-11-12)
    Abstract: Exogenous sex steroids within hormonal contraception and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) have been used for family planning and management of menopausal symptoms, without consideration of their effects on the vaginal microbiota. This is largely because their use predates our understanding of the importance of the vaginal microbiome on human health. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42018107730) to determine the influence of exogenous sex steroids, stratified by oestrogen-containing or progestin-only types of contraception, and MHT on the vaginal microbiome, as measured by molecular methods. Methods Embase, PubMed and Medline were searched for relevant literature published through to December 1st 2020. Eligible studies reported on the effect of specific exogenous sex steroids on the vaginal microbiome using a molecular method. Data regarding the ‘positive’, ‘negative’ or ‘neutral’ effect of each type of contraceptive or MHT on the vaginal microbiome was extracted and summarised. A positive effect reflected sex steroid exposure that was associated with increased abundance of lactobacilli, a change to, or maintenance of, an optimal vaginal microbiota composition, or a decrease in bacterial diversity (specifically reflecting a low-diversity optimal microbiota state), relative to the control group. An exogenous sex steroid was designated as having a negative effect on the vaginal microbiome if it resulted in opposing effects (i.e. loss of lactobacilli, a non-optimal microbiota state). When no significant change was found, this was considered neutral/inconclusive. Results We identified 29 manuscripts reporting on the effect of exogenous sex steroids on the vaginal microbiome; 25 investigating hormonal contraceptives, and 4 investigating MHT. Oestrogen-containing contraception, particularly reflecting the combined oestrogen and progestin-containing contraceptive pill, had a positive effect on the composition of the vaginal microbiota. Progestin-only contraception, particularly reflecting depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate, had mixed effects on the microbiota. Among post-menopausal women using MHT, exogenous oestrogen applied topically was associated with increased prevalence of lactobacilli. Conclusion Our findings suggest that oestrogen-containing compounds may promote an optimal vaginal microbiota, which could have clinical applications. The impact of progestin-only contraceptives on the vaginal microbiota is less clear; more data is needed to determine how progestin-only contraceptives contribute to adverse reproductive and sexual health outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2235-2988
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.732423
    DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.732423.s001
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2619676-1
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  • 8
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    Postnatal probiotics and allergic disease in very preterm infants: Sub‐study to the ProPrems randomized trial
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Allergy Vol. 75, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 127-136
    Details
    In: Allergy, Wiley, Vol. 75, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 127-136
    Abstract: Probiotic supplementation to mothers and/or their term‐born infants has been suggested to prevent allergic disease, in particular eczema; however, no studies have investigated probiotics for prevention of allergic diseases in very preterm infants. We evaluated the effect of a postnatal probiotic combination on development of allergic diseases in very preterm infants. Methods This sub‐study was an a priori secondary outcome of the ProPrems multi‐center, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled randomized trial (ANZCTR:12607000144415). ProPrems randomized 1099 very preterm infants to receive a probiotic combination or placebo from soon after birth until discharge from hospital or term corrected age (CA), whichever was earlier. Allergic disease (eczema, atopic eczema, food allergy, wheeze, atopic sensitization) was assessed in a subgroup of ProPrems infants (n = 281) as close to 12 months CA as possible by questionnaire, clinical examination, and skin prick tests to common allergens. Results There was no difference in eczema incidence between the probiotic and placebo groups (35[30%] of 118 infants vs 37[27%] of 137 infants, respectively, absolute difference 2.65%, 95% CI −8.45 to 13.75). Similarly, the incidence of atopic eczema (6[5%] of 118 vs 3[2%] of 137), food allergy (4[3%] of 124 vs 2[1%] of 154), wheeze (39[31%] of 127 vs 45[29%] of 154), and atopic sensitization (14[13%] of 106 vs 13[11%] of 123) were similar between the probiotic and placebo groups. Conclusion This study found no effect of postnatal administration of a probiotic combination on the incidence of allergic diseases or atopic sensitization in the first 2 years of life in children born very preterm. Evidence that probiotics are effective for prevention of allergic disease in premature infants remains lacking; adequately powered randomized controlled trials evaluating probiotic supplementation for allergy prevention in very preterm infants are needed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0105-4538 , 1398-9995
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/all.v75.1
    DOI: 10.1111/all.14088
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2003114-2
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  • 9
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    Lactic acid-containing products for bacterial vaginosis and their impact on the vaginal microbiota: A systematic review
    Public Library of Science (PLoS) ; 2021
    In:  PLOS ONE Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 2021-2-11), p. e0246953-
    Details
    In: PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 2021-2-11), p. e0246953-
    Abstract: The vaginal microbiota in bacterial vaginosis (BV) typically has low abundance of lactic acid producing lactobacilli. Lactic acid has properties that may make it effective for treating BV and/or restoring an optimal lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota. We conducted a systematic review to describe the effect of intravaginal lactic acid-containing products on BV cure, and their impact on vaginal microbiota composition (PROSPERO registration: CRD42018115982). Methods PubMed, Embase and OVID were searched from inception to November 2019 to identify eligible studies. Included studies evaluated an intravaginal lactic acid-containing product and reported BV cure using established diagnostic methods, and/or vaginal microbiota composition using molecular methods. Studies were independently screened and assessed, and the proportion of women cured post-treatment was calculated. Study results were described in a qualitative manner. Results We identified 1,883 articles and assessed 57 full-texts for eligibility. Seven different lactic acid-containing products were evaluated and differed with respect to excipients, lactic acid concentration and pH. Most studies had medium or high risk of bias. Three trials compared the efficacy of a lactic acid-containing product to metronidazole for BV cure. One study found lactic acid to be equivalent to metronidazole and two studies found lactic acid to be significantly inferior to metronidazole. Two studies included a control group receiving a placebo or no treatment. One reported lactic acid to be superior than no treatment and the other reported lactic acid to be equivalent to placebo. Lactic acid-containing products did not significantly impact the vaginal microbiota composition. Conclusion There is a lack of high-quality evidence to support the use of lactic acid-containing products for BV cure or vaginal microbiota modulation. However, adequately powered and rigorous randomised trials with accompanying vaginal microbiota data are needed to evaluate the efficacy of lactic acid as a BV treatment strategy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
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    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.g001
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.g002
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.t001
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.t002
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.s001
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.s002
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.s003
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.s004
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953.s005
    Language: English
    Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2267670-3
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  • 10
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    The effect of probiotic supplementation on the gut microbiota of preterm infants
    Microbiology Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Medical Microbiology Vol. 70, No. 8 ( 2021-08-25)
    Details
    In: Journal of Medical Microbiology, Microbiology Society, Vol. 70, No. 8 ( 2021-08-25)
    Abstract: Introduction. Probiotic supplementation of preterm infants may prevent serious morbidities associated with prematurity. Aim. To investigate the impact of probiotic supplementation on the gut microbiota and determine factors associated with detection of probiotic species in the infant gut. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Probiotic supplementation increases the long-term colonization of probiotic species in the gut of preterm infants. Methodology. Longitudinal stool samples were collected from a cohort of very preterm infants participating in a blinded randomized controlled trial investigating the impact of probiotic supplementation (containing Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BB-02, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4) for prevention of late-onset sepsis. The presence of B. longum subsp. infantis , B. animalis subsp. lactis and S. thermophilus was determined for up to 23 months after supplementation ended using real-time PCR. Logistic regression was used to investigate the impact of probiotic supplementation on the presence of each species. Results. Detection of B. longum subsp. infantis [odds ratio (OR): 53.1; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 35.6–79.1; P 〈 0.001] , B. animalis subsp. lactis (OR: 89.1; 95 % CI: 59.0–134.5; P 〈 0.001) and S. thermophilus (OR: 5.66; 95 % CI: 4.35–7.37; P 〈 0.001) was increased during the supplementation period in infants receiving probiotic supplementation. Post-supplementation, probiotic-supplemented infants had increased detection of B. longum subsp. infantis (OR: 2.53; 95 % CI: 1.64–3.90; P 〈 0.001) and B. animalis subsp. lactis (OR: 1.59; 95 % CI: 1.05–2.41; P =0.030). Commencing probiotic supplementation before 5 days from birth was associated with increased detection of the probiotic species over the study period ( B. longum subsp. infantis , OR: 1.20; B. animalis subsp. lactis , OR: 1.28; S. thermophilus, OR: 1.45). Conclusion. Probiotic supplementation with B. longum subsp. infantis BB-02, B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and S. thermophilus TH-4 enhances the presence of probiotic species in the gut microbiota of very preterm infants during and after supplementation. Commencing probiotic supplementation shortly after birth may be important for improving the long-term colonization of probiotic species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-2615 , 1473-5644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001403
    RVK:
    XA 55020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Microbiology Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2083944-3
    SSG: 12
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