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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 1999
    In:  Science of The Total Environment Vol. 239, No. 1-3 ( 1999-10), p. 19-30
    In: Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier BV, Vol. 239, No. 1-3 ( 1999-10), p. 19-30
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0048-9697
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498726-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 121506-1
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 74, No. 1 ( 2017-01-01), p. 3-19
    Abstract: The Eastern Baltic cod abundance started rapidly to increase in the mid-2000s as evidenced by analytical stock assessments, due to increased recruitment and declining fishing mortality. Since 2014, the analytical stock assessment is not available, leaving the present stock status unclear and casting doubts about the magnitude of the recent increase in recruitment. Earlier studies identified main factors impacting on cod reproductive success to be related to the loss of two out of three spawning areas in the 1980s caused by lack of major Baltic inflows with a concurrent reduction in salinity and oxygen. Other important factors include prey availability for first-feeding larvae, egg predation by sprat and herring and cannibalism on juveniles, all in one way or the other related to the prevailing hydrographic conditions. These factors cannot explain increased reproductive success in the last decade, as the period was characterized by an absence of large-scale Baltic inflows since 2003 and persistent anoxic conditions in the bottom water of the deep Baltic basins. This questions the perception of the increased recruitment in later years and challenges our present understanding of cod recruitment dynamics in the Baltic Sea. In this contribution, we review evidence from the recent literature supplemented by information from latest research cruises to elucidate whether cod reproductive success indeed has increased during the last decade, and we suggest the key processes responsible for the recent dynamics in cod recruitment and outline directions for future research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1054-3139 , 1095-9289
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2463178-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468003-8
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    SSG: 21,3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol. 58, No. 8 ( 2001-08-01), p. 1516-1533
    In: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 58, No. 8 ( 2001-08-01), p. 1516-1533
    Abstract: The Baltic Sea comprises a heterogeneous oceanographic environment influencing the spatial and temporal potential for reproductive success of cod (Gadus morhua) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the different spawning basins. Hence, to quantify stock and recruitment dynamics, it is necessary to resolve species-specific regional reproductive success in relation to size, structure, and distribution of the spawning stock. Furthermore, as species and fisheries interactions vary between areas, it is necessary to include these interactions on an area-specific basis. Therefore, area-disaggregated multispecies virtual population analyses (MSVPA) were performed for interacting species cod, herring (Clupea harengus), and sprat in the different subdivisions of the Central Baltic. The MSVPA runs revealed distinct spatial trends in population abundance, spawning biomass, recruitment, and predation-induced mortality. Results, when evaluated with respect to trends in population sizes from research surveys, were similar for the cod and sprat stocks but different for herring. Horizontal distributions from MSVPA runs and research surveys indicate that cod and sprat undergo migrations between basins during different life stages. This is an observation potentially influencing estimates for the different stock components but not affecting the overall stock sizes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0706-652X , 1205-7533
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7966-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473089-3
    SSG: 21,3
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol. 58, No. 8 ( 2001-08-01), p. 1534-1556
    In: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 58, No. 8 ( 2001-08-01), p. 1534-1556
    Abstract: We investigate whether a process-oriented approach based on the results of field, laboratory, and modelling studies can be used to develop a stockenvironmentrecruitment model for Central Baltic cod (Gadus morhua). Based on exploratory statistical analysis, significant variables influencing survival of early life stages and varying systematically among spawning sites were incorporated into stockrecruitment models, first for major cod spawning sites and then combined for the entire Central Baltic. Variables identified included potential egg production by the spawning stock, abiotic conditions affecting survival of eggs, predation by clupeids on eggs, larval transport, and cannibalism. Results showed that recruitment in the most important spawning area, the Bornholm Basin, during 19761995 was related to egg production; however, other factors affecting survival of the eggs (oxygen conditions, predation) were also significant and when incorporated explained 69% of the variation in 0-group recruitment. In other spawning areas, variable hydrographic conditions did not allow for regular successful egg development. Hence, relatively simple models proved sufficient to predict recruitment of 0-group cod in these areas, suggesting that key biotic and abiotic processes can be successfully incorporated into recruitment models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0706-652X , 1205-7533
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7966-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473089-3
    SSG: 21,3
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    In: Ocean & Coastal Management, Elsevier BV, Vol. 169 ( 2019-03), p. 129-136
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0964-5691
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1109890-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497382-0
    SSG: 21,3
    SSG: 14
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  • 6
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2009-06), p. 1377-1393
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2007
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 64, No. 6 ( 2007-09-01), p. 1257-1271
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 64, No. 6 ( 2007-09-01), p. 1257-1271
    Abstract: Eero, M., Köster, F. W., Plikshs, M., and Thurow, F. 2007. Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias) stock dynamics: extending the analytical assessment back to the mid-1940s. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1257–1271. The status of the eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias) stock has been assessed annually by ICES since 1966. To understand better the causes of stock fluctuations and to evaluate human impact on the stock relative to natural variability, longer time-series than currently available are needed. To achieve this, data back to the mid-1940s were compiled to extend the analytical assessment. Estimates are provided of stock development and its exploitation for a 20-year period before the start of the current assessment. The quality of the data and the credibility of the historical estimates are discussed. Considerable fluctuations in cod biomass and recruitment in the pre-assessment years were identified. Stock size was estimated to be relatively low after the Second World War, then increased during the first half of the 1950s, but did not reach the high levels of abundance subsequently observed in the early 1980s, and then declined towards the mid-1960s. Fishing mortality was low after the Second World War but increased rapidly in the second half of the 1950s, reaching the high levels observed since the 1980s.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289 , 1054-3139
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2463178-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 29056-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21,3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2016
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 73, No. 9 ( 2016-09-01), p. 2138-2149
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 73, No. 9 ( 2016-09-01), p. 2138-2149
    Abstract: Over the recent decades, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has set guidelines for best practise quality control of age estimation procedures. The applicability of these guidelines is assessed by reviewing the ageing issues of eastern Baltic cod (EBC) as a case study. Since the implementation of an age-based assessment of EBC in the beginning of the 1970s, the assessment has been hampered by the quality of the age composition data, in recent years to a degree that age-based assessment is no longer used. The reason for the age reading problems is the low visual contrast between growth zones in the otoliths which seems to be the result of complex interactions of the hydrography in the Baltic Sea with the cod’s biology and behaviour. Over the last 40 years, various expert groups have struggled to document and improve the agreement of age estimation between national otolith readers, standardize methods and age estimations through repeated exchanges and reference collections as well as an internationally agreed manual. Despite these initiatives the precision of the age estimations based on traditional ageing did not improve, with significant bias persisting between and within readers. Additionally, a wide range of alternative methods for deriving the age information necessary for stock assessment and for validation of the true age have been tested. However, these methods did not produce unbiased age estimates over the entire size and age range of the EBC stock. An age-validation is urgently needed. Deviations from the ICES guidelines identified are as follows: (i) the lack of rigorous quality control, particularly the auditing of national trends in age precision over the years using a reference collection and (ii) the implementation of an age error matrix in the stock assessment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289 , 1054-3139
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2463178-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 29056-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21,3
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2012
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 109, No. 21 ( 2012-05-22), p. 8185-8189
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, No. 21 ( 2012-05-22), p. 8185-8189
    Abstract: Understanding the effects of cross-system fluxes is fundamental in ecosystem ecology and biological conservation. Source-sink dynamics and spillover processes may link adjacent ecosystems by movement of organisms across system boundaries. However, effects of temporal variability in these cross-system fluxes on a whole marine ecosystem structure have not yet been presented. Here we show, using 35 y of multitrophic data series from the Baltic Sea, that transitory spillover of the top-predator cod from its main distribution area produces cascading effects in the whole food web of an adjacent and semi-isolated ecosystem. At varying population size, cod expand/contract their distribution range and invade/retreat from the neighboring Gulf of Riga, thereby affecting the local prey population of herring and, indirectly, zooplankton and phytoplankton via top-down control. The Gulf of Riga can be considered for cod a “true sink” habitat, where in the absence of immigration from the source areas of the central Baltic Sea the cod population goes extinct due to the absence of suitable spawning grounds. Our results add a metaecosystem perspective to the ongoing intense scientific debate on the key role of top predators in structuring natural systems. The integration of regional and local processes is central to predict species and ecosystem responses to future climate changes and ongoing anthropogenic disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    In: Royal Society Open Science, The Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 ( 2016-10), p. 160416-
    Abstract: Investigating the factors regulating fish condition is crucial in ecology and the management of exploited fish populations. The body condition of cod ( Gadus morhua ) in the Baltic Sea has dramatically decreased during the past two decades, with large implications for the fishery relying on this resource. Here, we statistically investigated the potential drivers of the Baltic cod condition during the past 40 years using newly compiled fishery-independent biological data and hydrological observations. We evidenced a combination of different factors operating before and after the ecological regime shift that occurred in the Baltic Sea in the early 1990s. The changes in cod condition related to feeding opportunities, driven either by density-dependence or food limitation, along the whole period investigated and to the fivefold increase in the extent of hypoxic areas in the most recent 20 years. Hypoxic areas can act on cod condition through different mechanisms related directly to species physiology, or indirectly to behaviour and trophic interactions. Our analyses found statistical evidence for an effect of the hypoxia-induced habitat compression on cod condition possibly operating via crowding and density-dependent processes. These results furnish novel insights into the population dynamics of Baltic Sea cod that can aid the management of this currently threatened population.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2054-5703
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2787755-3
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