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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 110, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. 644-658
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 110, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. 644-658
    Abstract: Les traits fonctionnels des plantes aident à comprendre les mécanismes qui régissent les réponses des communautés aux changements globaux, ainsi que les effets de ces communautés sur les fonctions écosystémiques. L'enrichissement en azote modifie généralement la composition des traits en favorisant la dominance des plantes acquisitives (surface foliaire spécifique [SLA] élevée et faible teneur en matière sèche foliaire [LDMC] ), ce qui se traduit par une production élevée de biomasse. Les changements des valeurs moyennes des traits peuvent être dus à l'identité des espèces, aux abondances relatives et/ou aux valeurs des traits intraspécifiques. Cependant, nous ne connaissons pas l'importance relative de ces variations dans la réponse des traits aux changements environnementaux, ni dans les effets des traits sur les fonctions écosystémiques, comme la production de biomasse. Nous avons quantifié l'importance relative de la composition des espèces, de l'abondance et des changements intraspécifiques dans la variation de la SLA et de la LDMC, et testé comment ces changements affectent la biomasse aérienne et souterraine. Nous avons mesuré ces traits dans une prairie où nous avons mené une expérience manipulant la fertilisation azotée, le nombre d’espèces de plantes, l'élimination des pathogènes foliaires fongiques et la composition fonctionnelle des plantes (espèces lentes vs rapides). À l’aide de modèles d'équations structurelles, nous avons testé l'importance de l'abondance et des changements intraspécifiques dans la détermination 1) des réponses de la composition fonctionnelle aux traitements et 2) des effets sur la biomasse aérienne et souterraine. Nous avons constaté que les changements intraspécifiques des espèces étaient aussi importants que les changements en abondance pour déterminer la composition fonctionnelle (valeurs moyennes pondérées des traits de la communauté), et qu'ils avaient même des effets importants par rapport à une grande variation initiale en composition des traits. Les changements intraspécifiques ont entraîné une convergence vers une SLA intermédiaire dans les communautés riches en espèces, et cette convergence a été réduite par l'ajout d'azote et renforcée par l’application de fongicide. Ces traitements n'ont pas eu d'incidence sur les variations intraspécifiques de la LDMC. Cependant, malgré des réponses importantes, les variations intraspécifiques n'ont eu aucun effet sur la biomasse aérienne ou souterraine. Seule la variation interspécifique a eu un effet: la biomasse souterraine a diminué avec la SLA et a augmenté avec la LDMC, tandis que la biomasse aérienne a augmenté avec la SLA. Nos résultats s'ajoutent à un nombre croissant de publications montrant une grande variation intraspécifique des traits des espèces, et soulignent l'importance d'utiliser des données collectées sur le terrain pour déterminer la composition fonctionnelle des communautés. Cependant, ils montrent également que la variation intraspécifique n'affecte pas nécessairement le fonctionnement de l'écosystème et que, par conséquent, les relations réponse‐effet des traits peuvent différer entre les espèces et au sein d'une même espèce.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004136-6
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  • 2
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2020-09), p. 1349-1359
    Abstract: Aboveground fungal pathogens can substantially reduce biomass production in grasslands. However, we lack a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of fungal pathogen infection and impact. Using a grassland global change and biodiversity experiment we show that the trade‐off between plant growth and defense is the main determinant of infection incidence. In contrast, nitrogen addition only indirectly increased incidence via shifting plant communities towards faster growing species. Plant diversity did not decrease incidence, likely because spillover of generalist pathogens or dominance of susceptible plants counteracted negative diversity effects. A fungicide treatment increased plant biomass production and high levels of infection incidence were associated with reduced biomass. However, pathogen impact was context dependent and infection incidence reduced biomass more strongly in diverse communities. Our results show that a growth‐defense trade‐off is the key driver of pathogen incidence, but pathogen impact is determined by several mechanisms and may depend on pathogen community composition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 109, No. 11 ( 2021-11), p. 3877-3891
    Abstract: Many experiments have shown that biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning and stability and that this relationship varies with resource availability. However, we still have a poor understanding of the underlying physiological and ecological mechanisms driving diversity effects and how they may interact with soil nutrient availability. We collected data in a grassland experiment factorially manipulating fertilization, species richness (SR), functional composition (slow‐growing vs. fast‐growing species) and functional diversity in resource economic traits. We measured above‐ground productivity (AP), nitrogen (N) uptake, photosynthesis and water use efficiency by combining a 15 N labelling approach with productivity, gas exchange and stable isotope measurements in 3 years differing in rainfall. We found that sown SR increased AP, N uptake and photosynthesis, suggesting that SR is the most important driver of ecosystem productivity and nutrient cycling. Similarly, photosynthesis was affected by functional composition but not by functional diversity. Water use efficiency was reduced by sown SR for communities dominated by slow‐growing species but not for communities dominated by fast‐growing species. Fertilization increased productivity, N uptake and water use efficiency. The positive effects of high SR on ecosystem functions were independent of fertility levels. Synthesis . Our results provide evidence that high species richness in temperate grasslands could enhance productivity and reduce the negative impacts of drought events. Multiple factors and community characteristics are important in driving enhanced ecosystem functioning in biodiverse grasslands and seem to affect functioning and stability through different mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3023-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004136-6
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  • 4
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley
    Abstract: Biodiversity typically increases multiple ecosystem functions simultaneously (multifunctionality) but variation in the strength and direction of biodiversity effects between studies suggests context dependency. To determine how different factors modulate the diversity effect on multifunctionality, we established a large grassland experiment manipulating plant species richness, resource addition, functional composition (exploitative vs. conservative species), functional diversity and enemy abundance. We measured ten above‐ and belowground functions and calculated ecosystem multifunctionality. Species richness and functional diversity both increased multifunctionality, but their effects were context dependent. Richness increased multifunctionality when communities were assembled with fast‐growing species. This was because slow species were more redundant in their functional effects, whereas different fast species promoted different functions. Functional diversity also increased multifunctionality but this effect was dampened by nitrogen enrichment and enemy presence. Our study suggests that a shift towards fast‐growing communities will not only alter ecosystem functioning but also the strength of biodiversity‐functioning relationships.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 26, No. 6 ( 2023-06), p. 908-918
    Abstract: Seed limitation can narrow down the number of coexisting plant species, limit plant community productivity, and also constrain community responses to changing environmental and biotic conditions. In a 10‐year full‐factorial experiment of seed addition, fertilisation, warming and herbivore exclusion, we tested how seed addition alters community richness and biomass, and how its effects depend on seed origin and biotic and abiotic context. We found that seed addition increased species richness in all treatments, and increased plant community biomass depending on nutrient addition and warming. Novel species, originally absent from the communities, increased biomass the most, especially in fertilised plots and in the absence of herbivores, while adding seeds of local species did not affect biomass. Our results show that seed limitation constrains both community richness and biomass, and highlight the importance of considering trophic interactions and soil nutrients when assessing novel species immigrations and their effects on community biomass.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecological Monographs Vol. 92, No. 3 ( 2022-08)
    In: Ecological Monographs, Wiley, Vol. 92, No. 3 ( 2022-08)
    Abstract: Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning can be partitioned into complementarity effects, driven by many species, and selection effects, driven by few. Selection effects occur through interspecific abundance shifts (dominance) and intraspecific shifts in functioning. Complementarity and selection effects are often calculated for biomass, but very rarely for secondary productivity, that is, energy transfer to higher trophic levels. We calculated diversity effects for three functions: aboveground biomass, insect herbivory and pathogen infection, the latter two as proxies for energy transfer to higher trophic levels, in a grassland experiment (PaNDiv) manipulating species richness, functional composition, nitrogen enrichment, and fungicide treatment. Complementarity effects were, on average, positive and selection effects negative for biomass production and pathogen infection and multiple species contributed to diversity effects in mixtures. Diversity effects were, on average, less pronounced for herbivory. Diversity effects for the three functions were not correlated, because different species drove the different effects. Benefits (and costs) from growing in diverse communities, be it reduced herbivore or pathogen damage or increased productivity either due to abundance increases or increased productivity per area were distributed across different plant species, leading to highly variable contributions of single species to effects of diversity on different functions. These results show that different underlying ecological mechanisms can result in similar overall diversity effects across functions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9615 , 1557-7015
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010129-6
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  • 7
    In: Communications Biology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2024-03-11)
    Abstract: Effects of plant diversity on grassland productivity, or overyielding, are found to be robust to nutrient enrichment. However, the impact of cumulative nitrogen (N) addition (total N added over time) on overyielding and its drivers are underexplored. Synthesizing data from 15 multi-year grassland biodiversity experiments with N addition, we found that N addition decreases complementarity effects and increases selection effects proportionately, resulting in no overall change in overyielding regardless of N addition rate. However, we observed a convex relationship between overyielding and cumulative N addition, driven by a shift from complementarity to selection effects. This shift suggests diminishing positive interactions and an increasing contribution of a few dominant species with increasing N accumulation. Recognizing the importance of cumulative N addition is vital for understanding its impacts on grassland overyielding, contributing essential insights for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem resilience in the face of increasing N deposition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2399-3642
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2919698-X
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  • 8
    In: Functional Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 34, No. 7 ( 2020-07), p. 1485-1496
    Abstract: 1. L’enrichissement en azote du sol a des effets directs sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes, en modifiant les conditions abiotiques, et des effets indirects en réduisant la diversité des plantes et en changeant leur composition fonctionnelle, remplaçant des communautés dominées par des espèces à croissance lente par d’autres dominées par des espèces à croissance rapide. La décomposition de la litière est une fonction-clé de l’écosystème. Elle peut être affectée par l’enrichissement en azote soit par une modification de la qualité de la litière (la décomposabilité de la matière végétale) soit par une modification de la qualité du sol (composants biotiques et abiotiques). La manière dont l’azote impacte directement et indirectement la qualité de la litière et du sol reste peu connue. Nous avons conçu, dans une prairie, une expérience de terrain de large envergure, en manipulant à la fois l’enrichissement en azote, la richesse et la composition fonctionnelle des espèces végétales, dans un design factoriel complet. Trois expériences complémentaires utilisant des sacs de litière ont été menées, combinées dans un modèle d’équation structurelle (SEM), afin de quantifier les effets des traitements et des divers paramètres de la composition et de la diversité fonctionnelles sur la qualité de la litière et du sol ainsi que sur le taux de décomposition total. Nos recherches ont révélé que de multiples facteurs influencent la qualité de la litière et qu’elle est déterminée environ deux fois plus par les concentrations en nutriments (azote et calcium) que par les composants structurels (teneur des feuilles en matière sèche, fibres). L’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux suggère que l’enrichissement en azote: accroît la décomposition de la litière principalement de manière indirecte, par un changement de composition fonctionnelle vers des espèces végétales à croissance plus rapide, produisant une litière de meilleure qualité altère la qualité du sol en augmentant directement et en affectant indirectement la couverture végétale, avec également une modification de la composition fonctionnelle. Notre approche fournit un outil permettant de tester les mécanismes de décomposition de la litière dans différents écosystèmes. Nos résultats montrent que la qualité de la litière est déterminée par plusieurs caractéristiques nutritives et structurelles, et soulignent la nécessité de prendre en compte le changement de composition fonctionnelle des communautés végétales lors de l’évaluation des effets de l’enrichissement en azote sur la décomposition. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0269-8463 , 1365-2435
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 619313-4
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  • 9
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 600, No. 7889 ( 2021-12-16), p. 472-477
    Abstract: The genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-19 1,2 , host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases 3–7 . They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1413423-8
    SSG: 11
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  • 10
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 375, No. 6580 ( 2022-02-04), p. 540-545
    Abstract: A cluster of HIV-infected individuals with high viral loads, rapid CD4 + cell declines, and increased infectivity has been detected in Europe.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2022
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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