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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Correction [to “Hotspot melting generates both hotspot volcanism and a hotspot swell?” by Jason Phipps Morgan, W. Jason Morgan, and Evelyn Price]
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 101, No. B10 ( 1996-10-10), p. 21973-21973
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. B10 ( 1996-10-10), p. 21973-21973
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JB02129
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 2
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    Testing the fixed hotspot hypothesis using 40Ar/39Ar age progressions along seamount trails
    Elsevier BV ; 2001
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters Vol. 185, No. 3-4 ( 2001-2), p. 237-252
    Details
    In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier BV, Vol. 185, No. 3-4 ( 2001-2), p. 237-252
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00387-3
    RVK:
    TE 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 3
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    Hotspot melting generates both hotspot volcanism and a hotspot swell?
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 100, No. B5 ( 1995-05-10), p. 8045-8062
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 100, No. B5 ( 1995-05-10), p. 8045-8062
    Abstract: Two prominent features mark the passage of oceanic lithosphere over a hotspot. The first is the initiation of oceanic volcanism leading to a chain of islands or seamounts. The second is the generation of a ∼1‐km‐high, ∼1000‐km‐wide bathymetric swell around the volcanic island chain. Here we show that recent estimates for the volume of hotspot volcanism and the size of the swell suggest a shared origin: swell relief is created by the density reduction created by melting beneath the hotspot. This results in a seafloor age dependence to swell size and volcanism along the Hawaiian chain: beneath younger, thinner lithosphere the hotspot undergoes more decompression melting, resulting in both a larger swell volume and greater island building. For rapidly moving plates the swell root residue from hotspot melting is dragged away from the hotspot by the overriding lithosphere; its buoyancy induces further spreading and thinning of swell root material, producing, for example, the characteristic bow‐shaped form of the 0–5 Ma section of the Hawaiian swell. This post emplacement spreading and thinning of the swell root may be the reason for the ∼5 m.y. duration of late stage melting and volcanism along the Hawaiian hotspot chain. The ∼5 m.y. timescale for spreading of the swell root implies a characteristic viscosity of the depleted swell root of ∼ 1–3×10 20 Pa s, which is less fluid than underlying, less melted asthenosphere. Melt extraction at the hotspot is our preferred mechanism for the increase in viscosity of the swell root relative to underlying asthenosphere.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JB02887
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
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  • 4
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    Observational hints for a plume‐fed, suboceanic asthenosphere and its role in mantle convection
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 100, No. B7 ( 1995-07-10), p. 12753-12767
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 100, No. B7 ( 1995-07-10), p. 12753-12767
    Abstract: An asthenosphere layer which is entirely fed from below by plumes and which loses equal mass by accretion to the overlying oceanic lithosphere and at subduction zones may play a critical role in shaping the form of mantle convection. In this study we discuss geochemical, seismic, and geoid/depth evidence for lateral flow within this type of asthenosphere. In particular, we suggest that there are large‐scale layered, horizontal flow structures that connect upward plume input beneath hotspots to near‐ridge regions of increased asthenosphere accretion into the growing oceanic lithosphere. Lateral asthenosphere flow is also shaped by oceanic subduction zones, with a partial return flow from trenches, and by deep continental roots that are migrating barriers to asthenosphere flow. This alternative paradigm offers relatively simple explanations for several puzzles about mantle convection, for example, the low mantle heat flow beneath continents. It also offers an explanation for why mid‐ocean ridges appear to be passive features that migrate with little geochemical or morphological change with respect to the lower mantle and seem to be uncoupled from large‐scale mantle flow, while in contrast, trenches appear to be strongly coupled to mantle‐thick regions of fast (colder) seismic velocity anomalies. We also discuss several implications of this paradigm that should be testable in future studies, such as the prediction of cogenetic off‐axis seamount volcanism that is created between an off‐axis hotspot and its neighboring ridge axis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JB00041
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Two-stage melting and the geochemical evolution of the mantle: a recipe for mantle plum-pudding
    Elsevier BV ; 1999
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters Vol. 170, No. 3 ( 1999-7), p. 215-239
    Details
    In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier BV, Vol. 170, No. 3 ( 1999-7), p. 215-239
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00114-4
    RVK:
    TE 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Isotope topology of individual hotspot basalt arrays: Mixing curves or melt extraction trajectories? : ISOTOPE TOPOLOGY OF HOTSPOT BASALT ARRAYS
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Vol. 1, No. 12 ( 2000-12), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 1, No. 12 ( 2000-12), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-2027
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999GC000004
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Vug waves: A mechanism for coupled rock deformation and fluid migration : VUG WAVES
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2005
    In:  Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Vol. 6, No. 8 ( 2005-08), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 6, No. 8 ( 2005-08), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-2027
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2004GC000818
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 8
    Online Resource
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    Thermodynamics of pressure release melting of a veined plum pudding mantle : PRESSURE RELEASE MELTING
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2001
    In:  Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Vol. 2, No. 4 ( 2001-04), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 2, No. 4 ( 2001-04), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-2027
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2000GC000049
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 9
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    The spreading rate dependence of three‐dimensional mid‐ocean ridge gravity structure
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1992
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 1992-01-03), p. 13-16
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 1992-01-03), p. 13-16
    Abstract: We analyze over 1300 km of high resolution along‐axis gravity profiles at ridges with half‐spreading rates ranging from 1.2 to 5.5 cm/yr. The results show consistently higher along‐axis gradients of mantle Bouguer anomaly at the slow‐spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) (0.3–1.2 mgal/km) than at the intermediate‐ to fast‐spreading Cocos‐Nazca Ridge and East Pacific Rise (EPR) (0.1–0.2 mgal/km). The regional peak‐to‐trough amplitude of mantle Bouguer anomaly is also greater along the MAR (30–60 mgal) than the Cocos‐Nazca Ridge and the EPR (10–20 mgal). With increasing spreading rate, the regional peak‐to‐trough amplitude of axial seafloor depth decreases from 1000–1700 m to 200–700 m. 3‐D numerical experiments suggest that mantle contributions to the gravity can be significant only near large‐offset transforms. At the more commonly observed non‐transform offsets, gravity anomalies will reflect crustal thickness variations. The along‐axis gravity data thus indicate that the amplitude of along‐axis crustal thickness variation decreases with increasing spreading rate. We propose that this spreading rate dependent crustal accretion style may originate in the mantle: finite‐amplitude mantle upwelling is intrinsically plume‐like (3‐D) beneath a slow‐spreading ridge but more sheet‐like (2‐D) beneath a fast‐spreading ridge. Such a transition in mantle upwelling may occur if the relative importance of passive upwelling over buoyant upwelling increases with increasing spreading rate. Small amplitude 3‐D upwellings may occur at a fast‐spreading ridge, but their effects on crustal thickness variations will be significantly reduced by along‐axis melt flows along a persistent low‐viscosity crustal magma chamber. In contrast, the large crustal thickness variations due to 3‐D mantle upwellings will be maintained at a slow‐spreading ridge because less along‐axis melt flows can occur in the colder and more rigid crust there.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/91GL03041
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1992
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  • 10
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    Three‐dimensional mantle convection beneath a segmented spreading center: Implications for along‐axis variations in crustal thickness and gravity
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1993
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 98, No. B12 ( 1993-12-10), p. 21977-21995
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 98, No. B12 ( 1993-12-10), p. 21977-21995
    Abstract: Segmentation and along‐axis variations within individual segments indicate the inherently three‐dimensional nature of mantle up welling and melting beneath oceanic spreading centers. Numerical convection experiments are used to explore the effects of local buoyancy forces on upwelling and melt production beneath a segmented spreading center. The experiments are conducted in a region consisting of a thermally defined rigid lithosphere and a uniform viscosity asthenosphere overlying a higher‐viscosity mantle half‐space. A periodic plate boundary geometry is imposed consisting of spreading segments and transform offsets. Buoyancy forces are caused by thermal expansion and the compositional density reduction due to the extraction of partial melt. The relative magnitudes of the buoyant and plate‐driven components of mantle flow are controlled by the spreading rate and mantle viscosity, with buoyant flow more important at lower spreading rates and viscosities. Buoyant flow beneath the spreading axis amplifies along‐axis variations in upwelling near a ridge‐transform intersection, and distributes the variations along the entire spreading axis. Buoyant flow may thus be responsible for the more three‐dimensional character of slow spreading centers. Away from the spreading axis, thermal buoyancy drives convective rolls that align with the direction of plate motion and which have an along‐axis wavelength controlled by the prescribed thickness of the asthenosphere. However, the position and stability of rolls are influenced by the segmentation geometry. In cases where the spreading center geometry does not allow a stable configuration of rolls, the flow is time‐dependent. Along‐axis variations in upwelling cause variations in melt production, which imply large variations in crustal thickness that dominate the surface gravity signal. The crustal thickness distributions implied by these numerical experiments produce bulls‐eye‐shaped negative mantle Bouguer anomalies centered over spreading segments, as observed at several spreading centers. The amplitude of the anomaly increases with decreasing spreading rate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/93JB02397
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1993
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