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  • 1
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    Framework and baseline examination of the German National Cohort (NAKO)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  European Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 37, No. 10 ( 2022-10), p. 1107-1124
    Details
    In: European Journal of Epidemiology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 37, No. 10 ( 2022-10), p. 1107-1124
    Abstract: The German National Cohort (NAKO) is a multidisciplinary, population-based prospective cohort study that aims to investigate the causes of widespread diseases, identify risk factors and improve early detection and prevention of disease. Specifically, NAKO is designed to identify novel and better characterize established risk and protection factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory and infectious diseases in a random sample of the general population. Between 2014 and 2019, a total of 205,415 men and women aged 19–74 years were recruited and examined in 18 study centres in Germany. The baseline assessment included a face-to-face interview, self-administered questionnaires and a wide range of biomedical examinations. Biomaterials were collected from all participants including serum, EDTA plasma, buffy coats, RNA and erythrocytes, urine, saliva, nasal swabs and stool. In 56,971 participants, an intensified examination programme was implemented. Whole-body 3T magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 30,861 participants on dedicated scanners. NAKO collects follow-up information on incident diseases through a combination of active follow-up using self-report via written questionnaires at 2–3 year intervals and passive follow-up via record linkages. All study participants are invited for re-examinations at the study centres in 4–5 year intervals. Thereby, longitudinal information on changes in risk factor profiles and in vascular, cardiac, metabolic, neurocognitive, pulmonary and sensory function is collected. NAKO is a major resource for population-based epidemiology to identify new and tailored strategies for early detection, prediction, prevention and treatment of major diseases for the next 30 years.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0393-2990 , 1573-7284
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00890-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004992-4
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  • 2
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    Test Setup Design for Measuring the Conductance in the Mechanical Part of Hybrid-Circuit-Breakers Before and After Current Commutation
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; 2021
    In:  IEEE Access Vol. 9 ( 2021), p. 165262-165270
    Details
    In: IEEE Access, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Vol. 9 ( 2021), p. 165262-165270
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-3536
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3135138
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2687964-5
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  • 3
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    Comparative Effectiveness of Diversion of Cerebrospinal Fluid for Children With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
    American Medical Association (AMA) ; 2022
    In:  JAMA Network Open Vol. 5, No. 7 ( 2022-07-08), p. e2220969-
    Details
    In: JAMA Network Open, American Medical Association (AMA), Vol. 5, No. 7 ( 2022-07-08), p. e2220969-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2574-3805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20969
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2931249-8
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  • 4
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    Monitoring shipping emissions in the German Bight using MAX-DOAS measurements
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 17, No. 18 ( 2017-09-15), p. 10997-11023
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 17, No. 18 ( 2017-09-15), p. 10997-11023
    Abstract: Abstract. A 3-year time series of ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of NO2 and SO2 on the island Neuwerk has been analyzed for contributions from shipping emissions. The island is located in the German Bight, close to the main shipping lane (at a distance of 6–7 km) into the river Elbe towards the harbor of Hamburg. Measurements of individual ship plumes as well as of background pollution are possible from this location. A simple approach using the column amounts of the oxygen molecule dimer or collision complex, O4, for the determination of the horizontal light path length has been applied to retrieve path-averaged volume mixing ratios. An excellent agreement between mixing ratios determined from NO2 retrievals in the UV and visible parts of the spectrum has been found, showing the validity of the approach. Obtained mixing ratios of NO2 and SO2 are compared to co-located in situ measurements showing good correlation on average but also a systematic underestimation by the MAX-DOAS O4 scaling approach. Comparing data before and after the introduction of stricter fuel sulfur content limits (from 1 to 0.1 %) on 1 January 2015 in the North Sea Emission Control Area (ECA), a significant reduction in SO2 levels is observed. For situations with wind from the open North Sea, where ships are the only local source of air pollution, the average mixing ratio of SO2 decreased by a factor of 8, while for NO2 in the whole time series from 2013 to 2016, no significant change in emissions was observed. More than 2000 individual ship emission plumes have been identified in the data and analyzed for the emission ratio of SO2 to NO2, yielding an average ratio of 0.3 for the years 2013/2014 and decreasing significantly, presumably due to lower fuel sulfur content, in 2015/2016. By sorting measurements according to the prevailing wind direction and selecting two angular reference sectors representative for wind from the open North Sea and coast excluding data with mixed air mass origin, relative contributions of ships and land-based sources to air pollution levels in the German Bight have been estimated to be around 40 % : 60 % for NO2 as well as SO2 in 2013/2014, dropping to 14 % : 86 % for SO2 in 2015/2016.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-10997-2017
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 5
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    Evaluating different methods for elevation calibration of MAX-DOAS (Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instruments during the CINDI-2 campaign
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2020-02-13), p. 685-712
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2020-02-13), p. 685-712
    Abstract: Abstract. We present different methods for in-field elevation calibration of MAX-DOAS (Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instruments that were applied and inter-compared during the second Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI-2). One necessary prerequisite of consistent MAX-DOAS retrievals is a precise and accurate calibration of the elevation angles of the different measuring systems. Therefore, different methods for this calibration were applied to several instruments during the campaign, and the results were inter-compared. This work first introduces and explains the different methods, namely far- and near-lamp measurements, white-stripe scans, horizon scans and sun scans, using data and results for only one (mainly the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry) instrument. In the second part, the far-lamp measurements and the horizon scans are examined for all participating groups. Here, the results for both methods are first inter-compared for the different instruments; secondly, the two methods are compared amongst each other. All methods turned out to be well-suited for the calibration of the elevation angles of MAX-DOAS systems, with each of them having individual advantages and drawbacks. Considering the results of this study, the systematic uncertainties of the methods can be estimated as ±0.05∘ for the far-lamp measurements and the sun scans, ±0.25∘ for the horizon scans, and around ±0.1∘ for the white-stripe and near-lamp measurements. When comparing the results of far-lamp and horizon-scan measurements, a spread of around 0.9∘ in the elevation calibrations is found between the participating instruments for both methods. This spread is of the order of a typical field of view (FOV) of a MAX-DOAS instrument and therefore affecting the retrieval results. Further, consistent (wavelength dependent) offsets of 0.32∘ and 0.40∘ between far-lamp measurements and horizon scans are found, which can be explained by the fact that, despite the flat topography around the measurement site, obstacles such as trees might mark the visible horizon during daytime. The observed wavelength dependence can be explained by surface albedo effects. Lastly, the results are discussed and recommendations for future campaigns are given.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-685-2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2505596-3
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  • 6
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    Intercomparison of NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 and HCHO slant column measurements by MAX-DOAS and zenith-sky UV–visible spectrometers during CINDI-2
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2020-05-06), p. 2169-2208
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2020-05-06), p. 2169-2208
    Abstract: Abstract. In September 2016, 36 spectrometers from 24 institutes measured a number of key atmospheric pollutants for a period of 17 d during the Second Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI-2) that took place at Cabauw, the Netherlands (51.97∘ N, 4.93∘ E). We report on the outcome of the formal semi-blind intercomparison exercise, which was held under the umbrella of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). The three major goals of CINDI-2 were (1) to characterise and better understand the differences between a large number of multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and zenith-sky DOAS instruments and analysis methods, (2) to define a robust methodology for performance assessment of all participating instruments, and (3) to contribute to a harmonisation of the measurement settings and retrieval methods. This, in turn, creates the capability to produce consistent high-quality ground-based data sets, which are an essential requirement to generate reliable long-term measurement time series suitable for trend analysis and satellite data validation. The data products investigated during the semi-blind intercomparison are slant columns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the oxygen collision complex (O4) and ozone (O3) measured in the UV and visible wavelength region, formaldehyde (HCHO) in the UV spectral region, and NO2 in an additional (smaller) wavelength range in the visible region. The campaign design and implementation processes are discussed in detail including the measurement protocol, calibration procedures and slant column retrieval settings. Strong emphasis was put on the careful alignment and synchronisation of the measurement systems, resulting in a unique set of measurements made under highly comparable air mass conditions. The CINDI-2 data sets were investigated using a regression analysis of the slant columns measured by each instrument and for each of the target data products. The slope and intercept of the regression analysis respectively quantify the mean systematic bias and offset of the individual data sets against the selected reference (which is obtained from the median of either all data sets or a subset), and the rms error provides an estimate of the measurement noise or dispersion. These three criteria are examined and for each of the parameters and each of the data products, performance thresholds are set and applied to all the measurements. The approach presented here has been developed based on heritage from previous intercomparison exercises. It introduces a quantitative assessment of the consistency between all the participating instruments for the MAX-DOAS and zenith-sky DOAS techniques.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-2169-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-2169-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2505596-3
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  • 7
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    Validation of tropospheric NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 column measurements of GOME-2A and OMI using MAX-DOAS and direct sun network observations
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2020-11-18), p. 6141-6174
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2020-11-18), p. 6141-6174
    Abstract: Abstract. Multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and direct sun NO2 vertical column network data are used to investigate the accuracy of tropospheric NO2 column measurements of the GOME-2 instrument on the MetOp-A satellite platform and the OMI instrument on Aura. The study is based on 23 MAX-DOAS and 16 direct sun instruments at stations distributed worldwide. A method to quantify and correct for horizontal dilution effects in heterogeneous NO2 field conditions is proposed. After systematic application of this correction to urban sites, satellite measurements are found to present smaller biases compared to ground-based reference data in almost all cases. We investigate the seasonal dependence of the validation results as well as the impact of using different approaches to select satellite ground pixels in coincidence with ground-based data. In optimal comparison conditions (satellite pixels containing the station) the median bias between satellite tropospheric NO2 column measurements and the ensemble of MAX-DOAS and direct sun measurements is found to be significant and equal to −34 % for GOME-2A and −24 % for OMI. These biases are further reduced to −24 % and −18 % respectively, after application of the dilution correction. Comparisons with the QA4ECV satellite product for both GOME-2A and OMI are also performed, showing less scatter but also a slightly larger median tropospheric NO2 column bias with respect to the ensemble of MAX-DOAS and direct sun measurements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-6141-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-6141-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2505596-3
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  • 8
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    Improved slant column density retrieval of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde for OMI and GOME-2A from QA4ECV: intercomparison, uncertainty characterisation, and trends
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2018-07-11), p. 4033-4058
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2018-07-11), p. 4033-4058
    Abstract: Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) column data from satellite instruments are used for air quality and climate studies. Both NO2 and HCHO have been identified as precursors to the ozone (O3) and aerosol essential climate variables, and it is essential to quantify and characterise their uncertainties. Here we present an intercomparison of NO2 and HCHO slant column density (SCD) retrievals from four different research groups (BIRA-IASB, IUP Bremen, and KNMI as part of the Quality Assurance for Essential Climate Variables (QA4ECV) project consortium, and NASA) and from the OMI and GOME-2A instruments. Our evaluation is motivated by recent improvements in differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) fitting techniques and by the desire to provide a fully traceable uncertainty budget for the climate data record generated within QA4ECV. The improved NO2 and HCHO SCD values are in close agreement but with substantial differences in the reported uncertainties between groups and instruments. To check the DOAS uncertainties, we use an independent estimate based on the spatial variability of the SCDs within a remote region. For NO2, we find the smallest uncertainties from the new QA4ECV retrieval (0.8  ×  1015 molec. cm−2 for both instruments over their mission lifetimes). Relative to earlier approaches, the QA4ECV NO2 retrieval shows better agreement between DOAS and statistical uncertainty estimates, suggesting that the improved QA4ECV NO2 retrieval has reduced but not altogether eliminated systematic errors in the fitting approach. For HCHO, we reach similar conclusions (QA4ECV uncertainties of 8–12  ×  1015 molec. cm−2), but the closeness between the DOAS and statistical uncertainty estimates suggests that HCHO uncertainties are indeed dominated by random noise from the satellite's level 1 data. We find that SCD uncertainties are smallest for high top-of-atmosphere reflectance levels with high measurement signal-to-noise ratios. From 2005 to 2015, OMI NO2 SCD uncertainties increase by 1–2 % year−1, which is related to detector degradation and stripes, but OMI HCHO SCD uncertainties are remarkably stable (increase  〈  1 % year−1) and this is related to the use of Earth radiance reference spectra which reduces stripes. For GOME-2A, NO2 and HCHO SCD uncertainties increased by 7–9 and 11–15 % year−1 respectively up until September 2009, when heating of the instrument markedly reduced further throughput loss, stabilising the degradation of SCD uncertainty to  〈  3 % year−1 for 2009–2015. Our work suggests that the NO2 SCD uncertainty largely consists of a random component ( ∼  65 % of the total uncertainty) as a result of the propagation of measurement noise but also of a substantial systematic component ( ∼  35 % of the total uncertainty) mainly from stripe effects. Averaging over multiple pixels in space and/or time can significantly reduce the SCD uncertainties. This suggests that trend detection in OMI, GOME-2 NO2, and HCHO time series is not limited by the spectral fitting but rather by the adequacy of assumptions on the atmospheric state in the later air mass factor (AMF) calculation step.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-4033-2018
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-4033-2018-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 9
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    Studies of the horizontal inhomogeneities in NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations above a shipping lane using ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements and validation with airborne imaging DOAS measurements
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2019-11-18), p. 5959-5977
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2019-11-18), p. 5959-5977
    Abstract: Abstract. This study describes a novel application of an “onion-peeling” approach to multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of shipping emissions aiming at investigating the strong horizontal inhomogeneities in NO2 over a shipping lane. To monitor ship emissions on the main shipping route towards the port of Hamburg, a two-channel (UV and visible) MAX-DOAS instrument was deployed on the island Neuwerk in the German Bight, 6–7 km south of the main shipping lane. Utilizing the fact that the effective light path length in the atmosphere depends systematically on wavelength, simultaneous measurements and DOAS retrievals in the UV and visible spectral ranges are used to probe air masses at different horizontal distances to the instrument to estimate two-dimensional pollutant distributions. Two case studies have been selected to demonstrate the ability to derive the approximate plume positions in the observed area. A situation with northerly wind shows high NO2 concentrations close to the measurement site and low values in the north of the shipping lane. The opposite situation with southerly wind, unfavorable for the on-site in situ instrumentation, demonstrates the ability to detect enhanced NO2 concentrations several kilometers away from the instrument. Using a Gaussian plume model, in-plume NO2 volume mixing ratios can be derived from the MAX-DOAS measurements. For validation, a comparison to airborne imaging DOAS measurements during the NOSE campaign in July 2013 is performed, showing good agreement between the approximate plume position derived from the onion-peeling MAX-DOAS and the airborne measurements as well as between the derived in-plume NO2 volume mixing ratios (VMRs).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-12-5959-2019
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 10
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    BOREAS – a new MAX-DOAS profile retrieval algorithm for aerosols and trace gases
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2018-12-21), p. 6833-6859
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2018-12-21), p. 6833-6859
    Abstract: Abstract. We present a new MAX-DOAS profiling algorithm for aerosols and trace gases, BOREAS, which utilizes an iterative solution method including Tikhonov regularization and the optimal estimation technique. The aerosol profile retrieval is based on a novel approach in which the absorption depth of O4 is directly used in order to retrieve extinction coefficient profiles instead of the commonly used perturbation theory method. The retrieval of trace gases is done with the frequently used optimal estimation method but significant improvements are presented on how to deal with wrongly weighted a priori constraints and for scenarios in which the a priori profile is inaccurate. Performance tests are separated into two parts. First, we address the general sensitivity of the retrieval to the example of synthetic data calculated with the radiative transfer model SCIATRAN. In the second part of the study, we demonstrate BOREAS profiling accuracy by validating the results with the help of ancillary measurements carried out during the CINDI-2 campaign in Cabauw, the Netherlands, in 2016. The synthetic sensitivity tests indicate that the regularization between measurement and a priori constraints is insufficient when knowledge of the true state of the atmosphere is poor. We demonstrate a priori pre-scaling and extensive regularization tests as a tool for the optimization of retrieved profiles. The comparison of retrieval results with in situ, ceilometer, NO2 lidar, sonde and long-path DOAS measurements during the CINDI-2 campaign always shows high correlations with coefficients greater than 0.75. The largest differences can be found in the morning hours, when the planetary boundary layer is not yet fully developed and the concentration of trace gases and aerosol, as a result of a low night-time boundary layer having formed, is focused in a shallow, near-surface layer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-6833-2018
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2018
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