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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Behavior of Groundwater in the Vicinity of the Water Table Evidenced by Specific Discharge Profiles
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1986
    In:  Water Resources Research Vol. 22, No. 8 ( 1986-08), p. 1217-1224
    Details
    In: Water Resources Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 22, No. 8 ( 1986-08), p. 1217-1224
    Abstract: Detailed vertical profiles of the horizontal component of the specific discharge at the water table region of a phreatic aquifer were obtained, from two research wells, employing both a modified point dilution technique under natural flow conditions and a mathematical diffusion model. H 2 18 O‐depleted water was used as a tracer. A 2.5‐m multilayer sampler with dialysis cells at 3‐cm intervals was utilized both to introduce the tracer into groundwater and determine its temporal variations. Large variations in the profiles of the tracer concentration were observed in a relatively thin layer just below the water table. The horizontal specific discharge was found to increase with depth from 0.5 m/year in the first 50 cm below the water table to 4.5 m/year at 240 cm depth. Two theories are suggested to explain the presence of an almost stagnant zone at the water table region: (1) the existence of entrapped‐migrating air bubbles which reduce the hydraulic conductivity and (2) drag forces exerted by the capillary fringe.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0043-1397 , 1944-7973
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/WR022i008p01217
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1986
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    SSG: 14
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Microscale haline convection‐A proposed mechanism for transport and mixing at the water table region
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1988
    In:  Water Resources Research Vol. 24, No. 7 ( 1988-07), p. 1111-1117
    Details
    In: Water Resources Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 24, No. 7 ( 1988-07), p. 1111-1117
    Abstract: Field measurements of chloride profiles in the water table region of a deep aquifer are interpreted in terms of haline convection at the microscale level. Under natural flow conditions the flow field is characterized by a small Peclet number (between 6.25×10 −2 and 6.25×10 −3 ) so that molecular diffusion dominates over mechanical dispersion. It is suggested that haline convection is a major transport and mixing mechanism at the water table region of granular aquifers under natural flow conditions wherever the intervention of man changed the chemical composition of natural replenishment. In the studied region it is estimated that the critical density difference which overcomes viscous drag forces is 0.23–0.28 kg/m 3 . This value agrees with the magnitude of the critical free convection parameter (modified Rayleigh number) of earlier models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0043-1397 , 1944-7973
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/WR024i007p01111
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1988
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029553-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 5564-5
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 14
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Linear instability of an anticyclonic vortex in a two‐layer ocean
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 95, No. C10 ( 1990-10-15), p. 18075-18079
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 95, No. C10 ( 1990-10-15), p. 18075-18079
    Abstract: The linear stability of a (zero potential vorticity) circular lens (i.e., warm‐core ring) is investigated for the case where the ocean surrounding the lens is of finite depth. The hydrostatic balance across the lens' interface couples the pressure variations inside the lens with those in the surrounding ocean which produces the instability. It is found that in contrast to lenses in an infinitely deep ocean which are always stable, lenses in a finite‐depth ocean are unstable. For a fixed lens thickness the growth rates (instability exponents) increase with decreasing total depth. For each azimuthal wave number there exists a total (ocean) depth cutoff value above which the lens is stable and below which the lens is unstable; this cutoff value increases with wave number. In most cases, instability would occur whenever the ocean‐lens depth ratio is less than 3 or 4, suggesting that actual rings in the ocean may become unstable as they approach the shore where the ocean depth is relatively small.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC095iC10p18075
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trapped waves on the mid-latitude β-plane
    Stockholm University Press ; 2008
    In:  Tellus A ( 2008-08)
    Details
    In: Tellus A, Stockholm University Press, ( 2008-08)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0870 , 0280-6495
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v60i4.15386
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2008
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Was there ice along the shore of the Sea of Galilee during the last 12,000?—Reply to a comment by Prange et al. (2007) and a comment by Friedman (2007)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Paleolimnology Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2007-10-17), p. 597-600
    Details
    In: Journal of Paleolimnology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2007-10-17), p. 597-600
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0921-2728 , 1573-0417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10933-007-9137-7
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reply
    American Meteorological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 38, No. 9 ( 2008-09-01), p. 2118-2119
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 38, No. 9 ( 2008-09-01), p. 2118-2119
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0485 , 0022-3670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JPO4015.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 184162-2
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Linear Waves in Midlatitudes on the Rotating Spherical Earth
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 39, No. 12 ( 2009-12-01), p. 3204-3215
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 39, No. 12 ( 2009-12-01), p. 3204-3215
    Abstract: The linear waves of the shallow water equations in a zonal channel in midlatitudes on the rotating spherical earth are investigated analytically and numerically by solving several relevant eigenvalue problems. For baroclinic deformation radii in the ocean, the phase speed of long Rossby waves in a sufficiently wide channel on the sphere can be 5 times that of their harmonic β-plane counterparts. The difference between the two phase speeds increases with the channel width and decreases with 1) the latitude of the equatorward wall, 2) the radius of deformation, and 3) the mode number. For Poincaré (inertia–gravity) waves, the phase speed on the sphere is slightly lower than that of harmonic waves on the β plane. The meridionally dependent amplitude of the meridional velocity is identical for both waves and is trapped near the equatorward wall—that is, its amplitude is maximal within a few deformation radii from this wall. The phase speeds of the Kelvin and anti-Kelvin waves on a sphere are determined by the latitudes of the equatorward and poleward walls, respectively, where they attain their maximal height amplitude. Accordingly, the phase speed of the anti-Kelvin wave is larger than that of the westward-propagating Poincaré waves in a certain wavenumber range, whereas the phase speed of eastward-propagating Poincaré waves does not approach that of the Kelvin wave even at large wavenumbers. Analytical expressions for the phase speed of trapped Poincaré and Rossby waves are obtained for small deformation radii in wide channels by approximating the meridional velocity’s eigenfunction by an Airy function that decays with distance from the equatorward wall. The exact latitude of the poleward wall does not affect the solution, provided it is several deformation radii away from the equatorward boundary and the exact channel width increases with the radius of deformation. For a sufficiently small radius of deformation, such as that observed in the ocean, the solution is trapped, even for very narrow channels, and the phase speed is only slightly larger than that of harmonic waves.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0485 , 0022-3670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2009JPO4083.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 184162-2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tropical background and wave spectra: contribution of wave-wave interactions in a moderately nonlinear turbulent flow
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ( 2021-03-23)
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, ( 2021-03-23)
    Abstract: Variability in the tropical atmosphere is concentrated at wavenumber-frequency combinations where linear theory indicates wave-modes can freely propagate, but with substantial power in between. This study demonstrates that such a power spectrum can arise from small scale convection triggering large scale waves via wave-wave interactions in a moderately turbulent fluid. Two key pieces of evidence are provided for this interpretation of tropical dynamics using a nonlinear rotating shallow water model: a parameter sweep experiment in which the amplitude of an external forcing is gradually ramped up, and also an external forcing in which only symmetric or only anti-symmetric modes are forced. These experiments do not support a commonly accepted mechanism involving the forcing projecting directly onto the wave-modes with a strong response, yet still simulate a power spectrum resembling that observed, though the linear projection mechanism could still complement the mechanism proposed here in observations. Interpreting the observed tropical power spectrum using turbulence offers a simple explanation as to why power should be concentrated at the theoretical wave-modes, and also provides a solid footing for the common assumption that the back-ground spectrum is red, even as it clarifies why there is no expectation for a turbulent cascade with a specific, theoretically derived slope such as -5/3. However it does explain why the cascade should be towards lower wavenumbers, that is an inverse energy cascade, similar to the midlatitudes even as compressible wave-modes are important for tropical dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-4928 , 1520-0469
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-20-0284.1
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-20-0284.s1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in Semienclosed Basins: The Case of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba)
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 39, No. 1 ( 2009-01-01), p. 185-202
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 39, No. 1 ( 2009-01-01), p. 185-202
    Abstract: Meteorological and oceanographic data collected at the head of the Gulf of Elat were used to compute the air–sea heat flux components and the heat storage in the water column, which are in turn used to estimate the heat balance of this semienclosed basin. The solar radiation was measured directly, whereas the longwave (LW) cooling and the turbulent heat fluxes (latent, LH; sensible, SH) were computed from commonly used bulk formulas. Nine formulas for LW and four formulas for LH + SH were tested for a total of 36 possible combinations. Independent estimates for the bounds on the advective heat flux through the straits and results from a one-dimensional mixed layer model provided criteria to help identify the best choice of bulk formulas for the gulf. It was concluded that the LW formula of Bignami together with the turbulent flux formulas of Kondo provide the best estimate of the heat balance of the gulf. Based on this, the annual mean evaporation is 1.6–1.8 m yr−1, with a minimum of 1 m yr−1 in (the long) summer and a maximum of 3–4 m yr−1 in (the short) winter. The increase in evaporation rate during the winter results from the instability of the atmosphere at that time when the sea surface temperature exceeds the air temperature; in the summer, when the air temperature is much higher than the sea surface temperature, evaporation nearly stops due to the atmospheric stability. This estimated evaporation rate for the gulf, which is similar for all four of the LH formulas considered, is significantly smaller than values commonly quoted in the literature. Finally, in contrast to previous studies, it is found that the advective heat flux from the Straits of Tiran is large and significant in spring, reaching an estimated value of over 125 W m−2, but its annually averaged value is only about 35–40 W m−2.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0485 , 0022-3670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JPO3858.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Circulation in an Axially Symmetric Shallow-Water Model, Forced by Off-Equatorial Differential Heating
    American Meteorological Society ; 2010
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-04-01), p. 1275-1286
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-04-01), p. 1275-1286
    Abstract: An axially symmetric inviscid shallow-water model (SWM) on the rotating Earth forced by off-equatorial steady differential heating is employed to characterize the main features of the upper branch of an ideal Hadley circulation. The steady-state solutions are derived and analyzed and their relevance to asymptotic temporal evolution of the circulation is established by comparing them to numerically derived time-dependent solutions at long times. The main novel feature of the steady-state solutions of the present theory is the existence of a tropical region, associated with the rising branch of the Hadley circulation, which extends to about half the combined width of the Hadley cells in the two hemispheres and is dominated by strong vertical advection of momentum. The solutions in this tropical region are characterized by three conditions: (i) the meridional temperature gradient is very weak but drastically increases outside of the region, (ii) moderate easterlies exist only inside this region and they peak off the equator, and (iii) angular momentum is not conserved there. The momentum fluxes of the new solutions at the tropics differ qualitatively from those of existing nearly inviscid theories and the new flux estimates are in better agreement with both observations and axially symmetric simulations. As in previous nearly inviscid theories, the steady solutions of the new theory are determined by a thermal Rossby number and by the latitude of maximal heating.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0469 , 0022-4928
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2009JAS3324.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2010
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
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