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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stratéole: A project to study antarctic polar vortex dynamics and its impact on ozone chemistry
    Elsevier BV ; 1995
    In:  Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 1995-2), p. 83-96
    Details
    In: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Elsevier BV, Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 1995-2), p. 83-96
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0079-1946
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0079-1946(95)00010-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1995
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  • 2
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    Chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of polar stratospheric clouds : PROPERTIES OF POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 107, No. D5 ( 2002-03-16), p. SOL 56-1-SOL 56-10
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 107, No. D5 ( 2002-03-16), p. SOL 56-1-SOL 56-10
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000825
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2002
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  • 3
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    Validation and data characteristics of water vapor profiles observed by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) and processed with the version 5.20 algorithm
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 107, No. D24 ( 2002-12-27)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 107, No. D24 ( 2002-12-27)
    Abstract: Vertical profiles of water vapor concentration at high latitudes (57–72°N; 64–89°S) were observed by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) solar occultation sensor aboard the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS). These measurements were made continuously from November 1996 through June 1997 with some additional periods in September to October 1996. A validation study of the water vapor data processed with the version 5.20 ILAS retrieval algorithm is presented in this paper. Uncertainty and general characteristics of the ILAS water vapor measurements are briefly reviewed. Comparisons are made with data obtained by (1) the ILAS validation balloon campaigns at Kiruna, Sweden and at Fairbanks, Alaska; (2) the aircraft measurements under the Photochemistry of Ozone Loss in the Arctic Region in Summer (POLARIS) campaign; and (3) available satellite measurements of the version 19 Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the version 6 Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II). The agreement between ILAS water vapor and all independent reliable correlative measurements in the altitude region of 15–60 km is better than 10% for the majority of cases and better than 20% for all comparisons, with the exception of some isolated cases detailed in this paper. Climatological comparisons of ILAS data with Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) climatology and HALOE data show the overall consistency of ILAS water vapor data considering the known features of atmospheric circulation. The characteristics of ILAS measurements, i.e., high sampling frequency in polar latitudes with high vertical resolution along with the good data quality, make the ILAS water vapor data set valuable for various polar stratospheric research applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000881
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2002
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  • 4
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    In‐flight comparison of MOZAIC and POLINAT water vapor measurements
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 104, No. D21 ( 1999-11-20), p. 26087-26096
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. D21 ( 1999-11-20), p. 26087-26096
    Abstract: An intercomparison of airborne in situ water vapor measurements by two European research projects Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In‐Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) and Pollution From Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (POLINAT) was performed from aboard the Airbus (MOZAIC) and Falcon (POLINAT) aircraft, respectively. The intercomparison took place southwest of Ireland on September 24, 1997, at 239 hPa flight level. MOZAIC uses individually calibrated capacitive humidity sensors for the humidity measurement. POLINAT employs a cryogenic frost‐point hygrometer developed for such measurements. For conversion between humidity and mixing ratio, ambient temperature and pressure measurements on board the respective aircraft are used. The Falcon followed the Airbus at a distance of 7–35 km with a time lag increasing from 30 to 160 s. The water vapor volume mixing ratio measurements in the range of 80–120 ppmv of both instruments are in excellent agreement, differing by 〈 ±5%, where the trajectories of both aircraft are very close. However, the relative humidity (RH) calculated from POLINAT frost‐point measurements and the Falcon PT500 temperature sensor is up to 15% higher relative to the RH of MOZAIC. The agreement improved to within 5% when using the temperature measurement of the PT100 sensor instead of the temperature measurement of the PT500 sensor for RH determination of POLINAT.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900315
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 5
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    In situ observations of air traffic emission signatures in the North Atlantic flight corridor
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 102, No. D9 ( 1997-05-20), p. 10739-10750
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. D9 ( 1997-05-20), p. 10739-10750
    Abstract: Focussed aircraft measurements have been carried out over the eastern North Atlantic to search for signals of air traffic emissions in the flight corridor region. Observations include NO, NO 2 , HNO 3 , SO 2 , O 3 , H 2 O, total condensation nuclei (CN), and meteorological parameters. A flight pattern with constant‐altitude north‐south legs across the major North Atlantic air traffic tracks was flown. Signatures of air traffic emissions were clearly detected for NO x , SO 2 , and CN with peak concentrations of 2 ppbv, 0.25 ppbv, and 500 cm −3 , respectively, exceeding background values by factors of 30 (NO x ), 5 (SO 2 ), and 3 (CN). The observed NO x , SO 2 , and CN peaks were attributed to aircraft plumes based on radar observations of the source air traffic and wind measurements. Major aircraft exhaust signatures are due to relatively fresh emissions, i.e., superpositions of 2 to 5 plumes with ages of about 15 min to 3 hs. The observed plume peak concentrations of NO x compare fairly well with concentrations computed with a Gaussian plume model using horizontal and vertical diffusivities as obtained by recent large‐eddy simulations, measured vertical wind shear, and the corridor air traffic information. For the major emission signatures a mean CN/NO x abundance ratio of 300 cm −3 ppbv −1 was measured corresponding to an emission index (EI) of about 10 16 particles per 1 kg fuel burnt. This is higher than the expected soot particle EI of modern wide‐bodied aircraft. For the most prominent plumes no increase of HNO 3 concentrations exceeding variations of background values was observed. This indicates that only a small fraction of the emitted NO x is oxidized in the plumes within a timescale of about 3 hs for the conditions of the measurements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/96JD03748
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 6
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    Validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O operational data collected between July 2002 and March 2004
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2013
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2013-06-14), p. 5791-5811
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2013-06-14), p. 5791-5811
    Abstract: Abstract. Water vapour (H2O) is one of the operationally retrieved key species of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument aboard the Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) which was launched into its sun-synchronous orbit on 1 March 2002 and operated until April 2012. Within the MIPAS validation activities, independent observations from balloons, aircraft, satellites, and ground-based stations have been compared to European Space Agency (ESA) version 4.61 operational H2O data comprising the time period from July 2002 until March 2004 where MIPAS measured with full spectral resolution. No significant bias in the MIPAS H2O data is seen in the lower stratosphere (above the hygropause) between about 15 and 30 km. Differences of H2O quantities observed by MIPAS and the validation instruments are mostly well within the combined total errors in this altitude region. In the upper stratosphere (above about 30 km), a tendency towards a small positive bias (up to about 10%) is present in the MIPAS data when compared to its balloon-borne counterpart MIPAS-B, to the satellite instruments HALOE (Halogen Occultation Experiment) and ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment, Fourier Transform Spectrometer), and to the millimeter-wave airborne sensor AMSOS (Airborne Microwave Stratospheric Observing System). In the mesosphere the situation is unclear due to the occurrence of different biases when comparing HALOE and ACE-FTS data. Pronounced deviations between MIPAS and the correlative instruments occur in the lowermost stratosphere and upper troposphere, a region where retrievals of H2O are most challenging. Altogether it can be concluded that MIPAS H2O profiles yield valuable information on the vertical distribution of H2O in the stratosphere with an overall accuracy of about 10 to 30% and a precision of typically 5 to 15% – well within the predicted error budget, showing that these global and continuous data are very valuable for scientific studies. However, in the region around the tropopause retrieved MIPAS H2O profiles are less reliable, suffering from a number of obstacles such as retrieval boundary and cloud effects, sharp vertical discontinuities, and frequent horizontal gradients in both temperature and H2O volume mixing ratio (VMR). Some profiles are characterized by retrieval instabilities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-5791-2013
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 7
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    Some observations of gravity‐wave‐induced structure in ozone and water vapour during EASOE
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 21, No. 13 ( 1994-06-22), p. 1483-1486
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 21, No. 13 ( 1994-06-22), p. 1483-1486
    Abstract: During the EASOE campaign, measurements were made of temperature and different minor constituents, with the help of instrumented balloons. The vertical profiles nearly always show small scale structures. Here we show that on two different days a large part of these small scale structure can be explained by the transport induced by waves. The rôle of waves is supported by a good correlation found between the small scale structure of the minor constituents profiles and the temperature profile. Furthermore on 11 December 1991 lidar measurements show the trace of a wave on a polar stratospheric cloud (Godin et al. 1993).Comparison of some of its characteristics with what was found in water vapour and ozone measurement profiles carried out the same day, confirm the rôle of the wave in the minor constituent fluctuations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/93GL02434
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1994
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  • 8
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    Aerosol-cirrus interactions: a number based phenomenon at all?
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2004
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 4, No. 2 ( 2004-02-13), p. 293-305
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 4, No. 2 ( 2004-02-13), p. 293-305
    Abstract: Abstract. In situ measurements of the partitioning of aerosol particles within cirrus clouds were used to investigate aerosol-cloud interactions in ice clouds. The number density of interstitial aerosol particles (non-activated particles in between the cirrus crystals) was compared to the number density of cirrus crystal residuals. The data was obtained during the two INCA (Interhemispheric Differences in Cirrus Properties from Anthropogenic Emissions) campaigns, performed in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes. Different aerosol-cirrus interactions can be linked to the different stages of the cirrus lifecycle. Cloud formation is linked to positive correlations between the number density of interstitial aerosol (Nint) and crystal residuals (Ncvi), whereas the correlations are smaller or even negative in a dissolving cloud. Unlike warm clouds, where the number density of cloud droplets is positively related to the aerosol number density, we observed a rather complex relationship when expressing Ncvi as a function of Nint for forming clouds. The data sets are similar in that they both show local maxima in the Nint range 100 to 200cm, where the SH- maximum is shifted towards the higher value. For lower number densities Nint and Ncvi are positively related. The slopes emerging from the data suggest that a tenfold increase in the aerosol number density corresponds to a 3 to 4 times increase in the crystal number density. As Nint increases beyond the ca. 100 to 200cm, the mean crystal number density decreases at about the same rate for both data sets. For much higher aerosol number densities, only present in the NH data set, the mean Ncvi remains low. The situation for dissolving clouds allows us to offer two possible, but at this point only speculative, alternative interactions between aerosols and cirrus: evaporating clouds might be associated with a source of aerosol particles, or air pollution (high aerosol number density) might retard ice particle evaporation rates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-4-293-2004
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 9
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    Pollution from aircraft emissions in the North Atlantic flight corridor: Overview on the POLINAT projects
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 105, No. D3 ( 2000-02-16), p. 3605-3631
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 105, No. D3 ( 2000-02-16), p. 3605-3631
    Abstract: The Pollution From Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (POLINAT) projects were undertaken to investigate the impact of aircraft engine exhaust emissions on the state of the atmosphere in the North Atlantic flight corridor. Changes in the composition of the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere from aircraft emissions are identified from combined measurements and model analyses. Measurements were performed using the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐und Raumfahrt Falcon research aircraft and a Swissair B‐747 over the North Atlantic covering the altitude range 6 to 13 km in November 1994 and June/July 1995 and from August to November 1997. The measurements include those of nitrogen oxides, nitrous and nitric acids, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, acetone, carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, carbon monoxide, aerosols, and meteorological parameters. The atmospheric composition was found to be highly variable, and emissions from sources at the surface or from lightning discharges also contribute strongly to the nitrogen oxides abundance and ozone formation. Contributions from aircraft emissions have been measured and identified in single and multiple plumes of several hours ages, and accumulation of such nitrogen oxides and particles emissions can be identified under certain conditions in and downstream of the flight corridor region. Acetone was found at high mixing ratios. The global and regional models predict ozone increases of 3 to 6% by current air traffic at the flight corridor altitude north of 30°N, in agreement with previous model analyses but too small to be measurable. In autumn, the upper troposphere is often humid with water vapor concentration far above ice saturation, providing conditions for persistent contrails.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900941
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 10
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    Nitric acid partitioning in cirrus clouds: the role of aerosol particles and relative humidity
    Stockholm University Press ; 2006
    In:  Tellus B Vol. 58, No. 2 ( 2006-4-1)
    Details
    In: Tellus B, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 58, No. 2 ( 2006-4-1)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0889 , 0280-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v58i2.16805
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2006
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