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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    P23 Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards antimicrobial use and resistance among students in three secondary schools in Dodoma City
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance Vol. 4, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-02-16)
    Details
    In: JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 4, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-02-16)
    Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is still not given enough attention and the public is insufficiently aware of its existence, leading to behaviour, which propagates the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). One of the objectives of Tanzania's national action plan on antimicrobial resistance is to improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial use and resistance through effective communication, education and training. This task will need involvement of many stakeholders and sectors. Objectives To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices toward antimicrobial use and resistance among students in three secondary schools in Dodoma city. Methods For this interventional pre-post comparative study, data were collected before and after training on antimicrobial use and resistance. Secondary school students from Mkonze, Merriwa and Kiwanja cha Ndege secondary school who are members of AMR school clubs participated. Training included classroom teaching and arts and crafts. We used quantitative and qualitative data collection methods by using self-administered paper-based structured coded questionnaires delivered to the students with the supervision of school guardians. Analysis was done through Excel and SPSS. Results Three aspects were investigated: awareness of ways to reduce AMR; knowledge that antibiotics cannot be used to treat flu and factors that contribute to AMR. Before the training knowledge of these was below 37%. Three months after the training knowledge had increased to above 90%. Conclusions Training of secondary school students significantly improved awareness, knowledge and attitude regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. AMR school clubs are an effective vehicle to raise awareness and mitigate the AMR crisis. Focus on students will lead to wider awareness in the community.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2632-1823
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac004.022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2973194-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adherence to standard treatment guidelines among prescribers in primary healthcare facilities in the Dodoma region of Tanzania
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  BMC Health Services Research Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Details
    In: BMC Health Services Research, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Tanzania’s primary healthcare system suffers from a scarcity of financial and human resources that impedes its effectiveness to deliver dependable and uniform quality healthcare. Adherence to standard treatment guidelines (STG) can help provide more consistent and correct diagnoses and treatments and limit the irrational use of medicines and the negative health consequences that can occur as a result. The purpose of this study was to investigate prescribers’ adherence of their diagnoses and respective treatments to national STG and to identify potential areas for planning interventions. Methods A cross-sectional study on prescribers’ adherence to diagnosis and treatment, according to national STG, was conducted in 2012 in public primary healthcare facilities (HCF) in the Dodoma region of Tanzania. Information on 2886 patients was collected, prospectively and retrospectively, from 120 HCF across the Dodoma region using a structured questionnaire. Twenty-five broadly defined main illness groups were recorded and the nine most prevalent and relevant conditions were statistically analysed in detail. Results Diagnoses and related treatments were recorded and analysed in 2872 cases. The nine most prevalent conditions were upper respiratory tract infections (25%), malaria (18%), diarrhoea (9.9%), pneumonia (6.1%), skin problems (5.8%), gastrointestinal diagnoses (5%), urinary tract infections (4%), worm infestations (3.6%) and eye problems (2.1%). Only 1.8% of all diagnoses were non-communicable diseases. The proportion of prescribers’ primary diagnoses that completely adhered to national STG was 599 (29.9%), those that partially adhered totalled 775 (38.7%), wrong medication was given in 621 cases (30.9%) and no diagnosis or medication was given in nine cases (0.5%). Sixty-one percent of all patients received an antibiotic regardless of the diagnoses. Complete adherence was highest when worms were diagnosed and lowest for diarrhoea. The proportion of cases that did not adhere to STG was highest with patients with skin problems and lowest for malaria. Conclusion Prescribers’ general adherence to national STG in primary HCF in the public sector in Dodoma region is sub-optimal. The reasons are multifaceted and focused attention, directed at improving prescribing and pharmacotherapy, is required with a view of improving patient care and health outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1472-6963
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06257-y
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2050434-2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions
    Elsevier BV ; 2013
    In:  The Lancet Infectious Diseases Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2013-12), p. 1057-1098
    Details
    In: The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Elsevier BV, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2013-12), p. 1057-1098
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1473-3099
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70318-9
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 4
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    P21 An assessment of knowledge and hand hygiene practices among healthcare workers at Dodoma Regional Referral hospital
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance Vol. 4, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-02-16)
    Details
    In: JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 4, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-02-16)
    Abstract: The WHO-promoted ‘My 5 moments for hand hygiene’ is designed to prevent the spread of infectious organisms in healthcare settings which occurs mostly via contaminated hands of healthcare workers (HCWs), items/equipment and the environment. Information on its implementation in Tanzania is needed. Objectives The main objective of the study was to assess knowledge, availability, and access to facilities for hand hygiene and the adherence to the WHO's five moments of hand hygiene by healthcare workers at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital. The bacterial content of cell phones of HCWs was assessed as a source of microbial contamination. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Three sets of data were collected through (i) questionnaires to assess knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to effective hand hygiene; (ii) observation to assess the adherence of five moments of hand hygiene; and (iii) laboratory examination of cell phones for bacterial contamination. Analysis used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results Over 75% of HCWs had formal training on hand hygiene and had access to handwashing facilities, but only 63% were aware of the WHO five moments. Of 270 doctors, nurses, and healthcare students only 7 (2.6%) complied with expected action with no difference between groups. No hand hygiene was observed after touching cell phones. Thirty-four percent of sampled cell phones were contaminated with staphylococci species, which were resistant to penicillin and had varying resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin and gentamicin. Conclusions Hand hygiene is the most effective way to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections. However, many healthcare workers do not adhere to recommended hand hygiene despite training and the availability of handwashing facilities. The low practice of hand hygiene means that cell phones of healthcare workers can easily act as a reservoir of transmissible organisms. The use of cell phones as a source of contamination must be included in the interventional training of HCW.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2632-1823
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac004.020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2973194-X
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The danger of in-kind drug donations to the Global Fund
    Elsevier BV ; 2009
    In:  The Lancet Vol. 373, No. 9670 ( 2009-04), p. 1218-1221
    Details
    In: The Lancet, Elsevier BV, Vol. 373, No. 9670 ( 2009-04), p. 1218-1221
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0140-6736
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61487-7
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2067452-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3306-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1476593-7
    SSG: 5,21
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Influence of Nutrient Limitation of Growth on Stability and Production of Virulence Factors of Mucoid and Nonmucoid Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 1983
    In:  Clinical Infectious Diseases Vol. 5, No. Supplement_5 ( 1983-11-01), p. S880-S888
    Details
    In: Clinical Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 5, No. Supplement_5 ( 1983-11-01), p. S880-S888
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1537-6591 , 1058-4838
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/clinids/5.Supplement_5.S880
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 1983
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002229-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Formulation Studies of Tableted Oral Rehydration Salt Mixtures
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2011
    In:  Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 41, No. 11 ( 2011-04-12), p. 737-742
    Details
    In: Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 41, No. 11 ( 2011-04-12), p. 737-742
    Abstract: Dehydration following non-specific diarrhoea may be prevented by oral administration of a simple glucose/salt mixture. A solution tablet of this mixture would have advantages of stability under environmental exposure and transport if the costs could be held within reasonable limits. The moisture adsorption and compression characteristics of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) ingredients have been studied. Combinations of ingredients resulted in a moisture adsorption higher than that of the individual components. This may be explained in terms of critical relative humidity, RHo, and environmental relative humidity RHi. Preparation of a stable ORS solution tablet therefore requires protection of moisture adsorbing components from the environment. The present UNICEF ORS mixture compacted easily by direct compression but gave fragile tablets, which were hygroscopic. This can be reduced by film coating the electrolyte component as granules with a resin (Eudragit L), or by simulating direct compression of the glucose as a compression-coating around the precompressed electrolytes. The packaging of compression-coated solution tablets in inexpensive polyethylene bags may lengthen the shelf-life and make the preparation less costly than the currently supplied ORS powders packed in laminated aluminium sachets. The increased dissolution lag time for the compacted tablet is a disadvantage that can be overcome by instructions to crush the product immediately before use.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2042-7158 , 0022-3573
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06356.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2041988-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2050532-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Current status of medicines procurement
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2009
    In:  American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy Vol. 66, No. 5_Supplement_3 ( 2009-03-01), p. s20-s28
    Details
    In: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 66, No. 5_Supplement_3 ( 2009-03-01), p. s20-s28
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-2082 , 1535-2900
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2146/ajhp080604
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2009
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 9
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    P22 Youth as agents of change in raising AMR awareness in the community in Dodoma region
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance Vol. 4, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-02-16)
    Details
    In: JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 4, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-02-16)
    Abstract: One of the strategic objectives of the AMR national action plan is to improve public awareness and understanding of AMR. Changing people's behaviour is not easy and the older a person is, the more they are set in their ways. Schoolchildren are in their formative years, which is the right time to impart knowledge and best practices that will guide their behaviour in life. Importantly, students have links with families and communities and are future leaders. Roll Back Antimicrobial resistance Initiative (RBA Initiative) has been pioneering the use of youth as agents of change to increase AMR awareness, promote positive behavioural change and thus reduce treatment failure. Objectives The main objective was to equip young people (schoolchildren) with knowledge and skills to understand antimicrobial use and resistance and ability to pass the knowledge to their families, other students and community at large. Methods Through AMR clubs, RBA Initiative used different methodologies to engage and educate schoolchildren on AMR. These included classroom teaching, arts and crafts like songs, skits, drama, traditional dances and storytelling and fun videos. Further motivation for active participation was encouraged through competition. The content of the training included topics such as behaviour that fuels AMR, hand hygiene and sanitation, the impact of fake drugs and the One Health approach. Results In 2020, the project build the capacity of 160 students. Subsequently, these trained students have reached over 1000 fellow secondary school students, over 3000 primary school pupils and over 800 community members including family members with key AMR messages. Conclusions If engaged and empowered, young people are able to increase community knowledge and awareness regarding AMR as agents of change, contributing to the national action plan on AMR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2632-1823
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac004.021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2973194-X
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