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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of Selected Mycotoxins in Maize from North-West South Africa Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Other Analytical Techniques
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Separations Vol. 8, No. 9 ( 2021-09-03), p. 143-
    Details
    In: Separations, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 9 ( 2021-09-03), p. 143-
    Abstract: Contamination of foods by mycotoxins is linked to various health and economic implications. This study evaluated the incidence of mycotoxins in commercial and small-scale maize and evaluated potential health risks for consumers based on South African and international regulations. The sensitivity/specificity of HPLC over other analytical methods used was also ascertained. In total, 100 maize samples were analyzed using immuno-affinity column for extraction and clean-up, thin layer chromatography (TLC), HPLC, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification. Results revealed that fumonisinB1 was the most contaminant mycotoxin in both small-scale and commercial samples with incidence rates of 100% and 98.6%, respectively. Aflatoxins contamination occurred at incidences of 26.7% in small-scale and 25.0% in commercial samples. Furthermore, ochratoxin A had high incidence rates of 97.8% and 93.0% and ranged from 3.60–19.44 µg/kg and 1.60–9.89 µg/kg, respectively, in small-scale and commercial samples, while ZEA occurred in 50% and 55% of small-scale and commercial samples, respectively. Results demonstrate that maize, especially from small-scale farmers, may contribute to dietary exposure to mycotoxins. Farmers and consumers should be alerted to the dangers of mycotoxins contamination in maize with resultant health risks. Additionally, HPLC method was also found to be more specific for mycotoxin detection than ELISA.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2297-8739
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/separations8090143
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2869930-0
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Feces Metagenomes and Metagenome-Assembled Genome Sequences from Two Separate Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) with Multiple Diarrheal Episodes
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2020
    In:  Microbiology Resource Announcements Vol. 9, No. 48 ( 2020-11-25)
    Details
    In: Microbiology Resource Announcements, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 9, No. 48 ( 2020-11-25)
    Abstract: This study reports two feces metagenomes (D84 and D85) and six metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). The assembled MAGs include Pseudomonas sp. strain NID84 and Acinetobacter sp. strain N2D84 from D84 and Enterococcus sp. strain N4D85, Enterococcus sp. strain N5D85, Lactobacillus sp. strain N6D85, and Leuconostoc sp. strain N7D85 from D85. Acinetobacter sp. N2D84 was identified as a human pathogen with a probability of 92%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2576-098X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/MRA.01065-20
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2968655-6
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biosynthesis of zinc oxide and silver/zinc oxide nanoparticles from Urginea epigea for antibacterial and antioxidant applications
    Elsevier BV ; 2022
    In:  Heliyon Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2022-12), p. e12243-
    Details
    In: Heliyon, Elsevier BV, Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2022-12), p. e12243-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2405-8440
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12243
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2835763-2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Table_3.pdf
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Veterinary Science Vol. 8 ( 2021-8-19)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 8 ( 2021-8-19)
    Abstract: Cattle farming is a traditional agricultural system that contribute to the rural economic, social and cultural values of the communities. Cattle as common with other livestock, are affected by many diseases that cause mortality and economic losses. In many rural households, the use of plants and associated knowledge are popular for managing cattle diseases especially in areas experiencing challenges with conventional veterinary medicine. Evidence on the documentation of indigenous knowledge and biological evaluation of plants used against cattle diseases remain understudied and fragmented. The aim of the review is to collate and analyse the ethnoveterinary knowledge and biological evaluation of plants used against cattle diseases in South Africa. Different scientific databases were systematically explored to extract data from 37 eligible studies. A total of 310 medicinal plants from 81 families used to treat 10 categories of cattle diseases across seven (7) provinces in South Africa. Leguminosae (Fabaceae), Compositae (Astereceae), Asparagaceae, and Xanthorrhoeaceae were the most frequently used plant families. Common plant parts used were leaves and roots. Twenty-seven (27) combination remedies involving 2–6 plants were identified as treatment regimes against cattle diseases. Common preparation methods were infusion and decoction while the administration mode was predominantly unspecified (52%) while oral and topical contributed 26 and 22%, respectively. In terms of diseases, the most treated ones were general systems infection, reproduction disorders and gastrointestinal problems. Currently, an estimated 21% of the 310 plants have been evaluated for diverse biological activities using relevant bioassays related to cattle diseases. Antibacterial activity remained the most studied biological activity. Evidence from the review revealed the significance of ethnoveterinary medicine against cattle diseases especially in rural areas of South Africa. Nevertheless, the use of plants for cattle diseases among other ethnic groups, particularly in the Northern Cape and Western Cape, remain under-studied.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2297-1769
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.710884
    DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.710884.s001
    DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.710884.s002
    DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.710884.s003
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2834243-4
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Soil Aspergillus Species, Pathogenicity and Control Perspectives
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Fungi Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2023-07-20), p. 766-
    Details
    In: Journal of Fungi, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2023-07-20), p. 766-
    Abstract: Five Aspergillus sections have members that are established agricultural pests and producers of different metabolites, threatening global food safety. Most of these pathogenic Aspergillus species have been isolated from almost all major biomes. The soil remains the primary habitat for most of these cryptic fungi. This review explored some of the ecological attributes that have contributed immensely to the success of the pathogenicity of some members of the genus Aspergillus over time. Hence, the virulence factors of the genus Aspergillus, their ecology and others were reviewed. Furthermore, some biological control techniques were recommended. Pathogenic effects of Aspergillus species are entirely accidental; therefore, the virulence evolution prediction model in such species becomes a challenge, unlike their obligate parasite counterparts. In all, differences in virulence among organisms involved both conserved and species-specific genetic factors. If the impacts of climate change continue, new cryptic Aspergillus species will emerge and mycotoxin contamination risks will increase in all ecosystems, as these species can metabolically adjust to nutritional and biophysical challenges. As most of their gene clusters are silent, fungi continue to be a source of underexplored bioactive compounds. The World Soil Charter recognizes the relevance of soil biodiversity in supporting healthy soil functions. The question of how a balance may be struck between supporting healthy soil biodiversity and the control of toxic fungi species in the field to ensure food security is therefore pertinent. Numerous advanced strategies and biocontrol methods so far remain the most environmentally sustainable solution to the control of toxigenic fungi in the field.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2309-608X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jof9070766
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2784229-0
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bentonite, and kaolin as adsorbents for reducing the adverse impacts of mycotoxin contaminated feed on broiler histopathology and hemato-biochemical changes
    Veterinary World ; 2021
    In:  Veterinary World Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021), p. 23-32
    Details
    In: Veterinary World, Veterinary World, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021), p. 23-32
    Abstract: Background and Aim: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bentonite and kaolin were used to reduce the adverse effects of mold-contaminated diet on broilers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of S. cerevisiae, bentonite, and kaolin in reducing the adverse effects of mold (fungal) contaminated diet on broilers. Specifically, we investigated the histopathological, hematological, and serum biochemical changes associated with broilers fed mold-contaminated diets supplemented with these three adsorbents. We also isolated and identified the common fungal contaminants in the poultry feeds as well as the mycotoxins they produced. Materials and Methods: Hundred broilers (3-weeks-old) were randomly grouped into five dietary treatments, basal feed (negative control), feed contaminated with mold, mold-contaminated feed+S. cerevisiae, mold-contaminated feed+bentonite, and mold-contaminated feed+kaolin. The fungal contaminants in the feeds were isolated and molecularly id entified while the mycotoxins in the feed where analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Blood samples of birds from each group were analyzed for hematology and serum biochemistry. The liver, spleen, kidney, and bursa of Fabricius of the birds were excised and analyzed for histopathological changes. Results: The most common fungal contaminants in the feeds were Penicillium (33.3%) species, followed by Aspergillus species (22.2%). The mold-contaminated feed had the highest number of fungal contaminants, 55.6%, while the negative control (basal feed group) had none. Total aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol were high in the mold-contaminated feed (53.272 μg/kg and 634.5 μg kg, respectively), but these were reduced by the addition of adsorbents to the feed. The birds fed mold-contaminated feed had significantly (p 〈 0.05) reduced red blood cell count counts, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin but increased white blood cell count compared to the negative control. Liver enzyme activity (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and cholesterol concentration increased significantly (p 〈 0.05) in the group fed mold-contaminated feed while the serum albumin and total protein decreased significantly (p 〈 0.05) in comparison with the negative control. Adverse histopathological changes were observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius in the group fed mold-contaminated feed. Addition of S. cerevisiae, bentonite or kaolin in the mold-contaminated feed ameliorated these toxic effects. Conclusion: The observed histopathological lesions were consistent with mycotoxicosis in birds and were mild in the adsorbent treated groups. Kaolin had a higher protective effect against mycotoxicosis than the two other adsorbents.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2231-0916 , 0972-8988
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1
    DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.
    DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.23-32
    Language: English
    Publisher: Veterinary World
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2456277-4
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Serum biochemistry in cows of different breeds presented with reproductive conditions
    AOSIS ; 2019
    In:  Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research Vol. 86, No. 1 ( 2019-08-29)
    Details
    In: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, AOSIS, Vol. 86, No. 1 ( 2019-08-29)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2219-0635 , 0030-2465
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1742
    Language: English
    Publisher: AOSIS
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2207612-8
    SSG: 22
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The cytotoxic effect of fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A on human and pig lymphocytes using the Methyl Thiazol Tetrazolium (MTT) assay
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2009
    In:  Mycotoxin Research Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2009-12), p. 233-238
    Details
    In: Mycotoxin Research, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2009-12), p. 233-238
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0178-7888 , 1867-1632
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s12550-009-0033-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2455358-X
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Polyphasic Assessment of Aflatoxin Production Potential in Selected Aspergilli
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Toxins Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2019-11-26), p. 692-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2019-11-26), p. 692-
    Abstract: This study investigated the aflatoxin production potentials of selected fungi using a polyphasic approach. Internally transcribed spacer region of the fungi was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Forty-five Aspergillus strains were further assessed for aflatoxin production using the conventional methods such as growth on yeast extract sucrose, β-cyclodextrin neutral red desiccated coconut agar (β-CNRDCA); expression of the aflatoxin regulatory genes and the use of both thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A large proportion (82.22%) of the isolates harbored the Nor-1 gene while 55.56%, 68.89%, and 80% possessed the ver-1, omt-A, and aflR genes, respectively. All 100% the isolates harbored the aflJ gene. Twenty-three isolates were positive for aflatoxin production based on the yeast extract sucrose medium (YES) test; ammonium vapor test (51%), yellow pigment production (75.5%), and β-CNRDCA tests; and blue/green fluorescence (57.7%). Based on TLC detection 42.2% produced aflatoxins while in the HPLC, total aflatoxin (AFTOT) production concentrations ranged from 6.77–71,453 µg/g. Detectable aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentrations obtained from the HPLC ranged between 3.76 and 70,288 µg/g; 6.77 and 242.50 µg/g for aflatoxin B2 (AFB2); 1.87 and 745.30 µg/g for aflatoxin G1 (AFG1); and 1.67 and 768.52 µg/g for aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). AFTOT contamination levels were higher than European Union tolerable limits (4 µg/kg). The regression coefficient was one (R2 = 1) while significant differences exist in the aflatoxin concentrations of Aspergillus (p ≤ 0.05). This study reports the potentials of Aspergillus oryzae previously known as a non-aflatoxin producer to produce AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2 toxins. Aspergillus species in feedlots of animals reared for food are capable of producing aflatoxins which could pose hazards to health.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120692
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multi Mycotoxin Determination in Dried Beef Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Toxins Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2020-05-29), p. 357-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2020-05-29), p. 357-
    Abstract: Dried beef meat, a locally processed meat from the cow, is vulnerable to contamination by mycotoxins, due to its exposure to the environmental microbiota during processing, drying, and point of sale. In this study, 108 dried beef samples were examined for the occurrence of 17 mycotoxins. Samples were extracted for mycotoxins using solid-liquid phase extraction method, while liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) via the dilute and shoot method was used to analyze the mycotoxins. Aflatoxin was found in 66% of the samples (average value of 23.56 µg/kg). AFB1 had a mean value of 105.4 µg/kg, AFB2 mean value of 6.92 µg/kg, and AFG1 and AFG2 had an average mean value of 40.49 µg/kg and 2.60 µg/kg, respectively. The total aflatoxins exceed the EU (4 μg/kg) permissible level in food. The α-Zea average mean value was 113.82 µg/kg for the various selling locations. Also, cyclopiazonic acid had an average mean value of 51.99 µg/kg, while some of the beef samples were contaminated with more than nine different mycotoxins. The occurrence of these mycotoxins in dried beef is an indication of possible exposure of its consumers to the dangers of mycotoxins that are usually associated with severe health problems. This result shows that there are mycotoxin residues in the beef sold in Ekiti State markets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060357
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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