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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    One hundred‐seventy years of stressors erode salmon fishery climate resilience in California’s warming landscape
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 28, No. 7 ( 2022-04), p. 2183-2201
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 7 ( 2022-04), p. 2183-2201
    Abstract: People seek reliable natural resources despite climate change. Diverse habitats and biologies stabilize productivity against disturbances like climate, prompting arguments to promote climate‐resilient resources by prioritizing complex, less‐modified ecosystems. These arguments hinge on the hypothesis that simplifying and degrading ecosystems will reduce resources’ climate resilience, a process liable to be cryptically evolving across landscapes and human generations, but rarely documented. Here, we examined the industrial era (post 1848) of California's Central Valley, chronicling the decline of a diversified, functional portfolio of salmon habitats and life histories and investigating for empirical evidence of lost climate resilience in its fishery. Present perspectives indicate that California's dynamic, warming climate overlaid onto its truncated, degraded habitat mosaic severely constrains its salmon fishery. We indeed found substantial climate constraints on today's fishery, but this reflected a shifted ecological baseline. During the early stages of a stressor legacy that transformed the landscape and ‐‐ often consequently ‐‐ compressed salmon life history expression, the fishery diffused impacts of dry years across a greater number of fishing years and depended less on cool spring‐summer transitions. The latter are important given today's salmon habitats, salmon life histories, and resource management practices, but are vanishing with climate change while year‐to‐year variation in fishery performance is rising. These findings give empirical weight to the idea that human legacies influence ecosystems’ climate resilience across landscapes and boundaries (e.g., land/sea). They also raise the question of whether some contemporary climate effects are recent and attributable not only to increasing climate stress, but to past and present human actions that erode resilience. In general, it is thus worth considering that management approaches that prioritize complex, less‐modified ecosystems may stabilize productivity despite increasing climate stress and such protective actions may be required for some ecological services to persist into uncertain climate futures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v28.7
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16029
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1281439-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Science for integrative management of a diadromous fish stock: interdependencies of fisheries, flow, and habitat restoration
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2020
    In:  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol. 77, No. 9 ( 2020-09), p. 1487-1504
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 77, No. 9 ( 2020-09), p. 1487-1504
    Abstract: Fish face many anthropogenic stressors. Authorities in marine, estuarine, and freshwater realms often share interdependent fisheries management goals, but address singular stressors independently. Here, we present a case study suggesting that coordinating stressor relief across management realms may synergize conservation efforts, especially to actualize restoration benefits. Major efforts are underway to restore juvenile salmon habitat across California’s Central Valley landscape, but it is unclear how fisheries and flow management will influence juvenile salmon occupancy of restored sites. Leveraging monitoring data, we find that for juvenile salmon ( 〈 55 mm) to actualize benefits of restored habitats will likely require maintaining spawner abundances and flows at or above intermediate values, especially in less-connected portions of the landscape. Furthermore, restoration efforts may prioritize more connected regions to promote use of restored areas, considering that less connected areas are often uninhabited when water and spawners are scarcer. This ecosystem-based framework that evaluates interdependencies of management decisions may be applied to realize natural productivity and enhance conservation in many systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0706-652X , 1205-7533
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/cjfas-2020-0075
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7966-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473089-3
    SSG: 21,3
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Potential for ecological nonlinearities and thresholds to inform Pacific salmon management
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2020-12)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2020-12)
    Abstract: Ecology is often governed by nonlinear dynamics. Nonlinear ecological relationships can include thresholds—incremental changes in drivers that provoke disproportionately large ecological responses. Among the species that experience nonlinear and threshold dynamics are Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.). These culturally, ecologically, and economically significant fishes are in many places declining and management focal points. Often, managers can influence or react to ecological conditions that salmon experience, suggesting that nonlinearities, especially thresholds, may provide opportunities to inform decisions. However, nonlinear dynamics are not always invoked in management decisions involving salmon. Here, we review reported nonlinearities and thresholds in salmon ecology, describe potential applications that scientists and managers could develop to leverage nonlinear dynamics, and offer a path toward decisions that account for ecological nonlinearities and thresholds to improve salmon outcomes. It appears that nonlinear dynamics are not uncommon in salmon ecology and that many management arenas may potentially leverage them to enable more effective or efficient decisions. Indeed, decisions guided by nonlinearities and thresholds may be particularly desirable considering salmon management arenas are often characterized by limited resources and mounting ecological stressors, practical constraints, and conservation challenges. More broadly, many salmon systems are data‐rich and there are an extensive range of ecological contexts in which salmon are sensitive to anthropogenic decisions. Approaches developed to leverage nonlinearities in salmon ecology may serve as examples that may inform analogous approaches in other systems and taxa.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.v11.12
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3302
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2572257-8
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ecological thresholds in forecast performance for key United States West Coast Chinook salmon stocks
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 77, No. 4 ( 2020-07-01), p. 1503-1515
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 77, No. 4 ( 2020-07-01), p. 1503-1515
    Abstract: Preseason abundance forecasts drive management of US West Coast salmon fisheries, yet little is known about how environmental variability influences forecast performance. We compared forecasts of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) against returns for (i) key California-Oregon ocean fishery stocks and (ii) high priority prey stocks for endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Puget Sound, Washington. We explored how well environmental indices (at multiple locations and time lags) explained performance of forecasts based on different methods (i.e. sibling-based, production-based, environment-based, or recent averages), testing for nonlinear threshold dynamics. For the California stocks, no index tested explained & gt;50% of the variation in forecast performance, but spring Pacific Decadal Oscillation and winter North Pacific Index during the year of return explained & gt;40% of the variation for the sibling-based Sacramento Fall Chinook forecast, with nonlinearity and apparent thresholds. This suggests that oceanic conditions experienced by adults (after younger siblings returned) have the most impact on sibling-based forecasts. For Puget Sound stocks, we detected nonlinear/threshold relationships explaining & gt;50% of the variation with multiple indices and lags. Environmental influences on preseason forecasts may create biases that render salmon fisheries management more or less conservative, and therefore could motivate the development of ecosystem-based risk assessments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz189
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468003-8
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Warm, dry winters truncate timing and size distribution of seaward‐migrating salmon across a large, regulated watershed
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Ecological Applications Vol. 29, No. 4 ( 2019-06)
    Details
    In: Ecological Applications, Wiley, Vol. 29, No. 4 ( 2019-06)
    Abstract: Ecologists are pressed to understand how climate constrains the timings of annual biological events (phenology). Climate influences on phenology are likely significant in estuarine watersheds because many watersheds provide seasonal fish nurseries where juvenile presence is synched with favorable conditions. While ecologists have long recognized that estuaries are generally important to juvenile fish, we incompletely understand the specific ecosystem dynamics that contribute to their nursery habitat value, limiting our ability to identify and protect vital habitat components. Here we examined the annual timing of juvenile coldwater fish migrating through a seasonally warm, hydrologically managed watershed. Our goal was to (1) understand how climate constrained the seasonal timing of water conditions necessary for juvenile fish to use nursery habitats and (2) inform management decisions about (a) mitigating climate‐mediated stress on nursery habitat function and (b) conserving heat‐constrained species in warming environments. Cool, wet winters deposited snow and cold water into mountains and reservoirs, which kept the lower watershed adequately cool for juveniles through the spring despite the region approaching its hot, dry summers. For every 1°C waters in April were colder, the juvenile fish population (1) inhabited the watershed 4–7 d longer and (2) entered marine waters, where survival is size selective, at maximum sizes 2.1 mm larger. Climate therefore appeared to constrain the nursery functions of this system by determining seasonal windows of tolerable rearing conditions, and cold water appeared to be a vital ecosystem component that promoted juvenile rearing. Fish in this system inhabit the southernmost extent of their range and already rear during the coolest part of the year, suggesting that a warming climate will truncate rather than shift their annual presence. Our findings are concerning for coldwater diadromous species in general because warming climates may constrain watershed use and diminish viability of life histories (e.g., late springtime rearing) and associated portfolio benefits over the long term. Lower watershed nurseries for coldwater fish in warming climates may be enhanced through allocating coldwater reservoir releases to prolong juvenile rearing periods downstream or restorations that facilitate colder conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1051-0761 , 1939-5582
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/eap.2019.29.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1002/eap.1880
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1074505-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010123-5
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    SSG: 23
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Mislabeling Obscures the Sale of Threatened and Sustainable Fishes
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Conservation Letters Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2017-11), p. 788-789
    Details
    In: Conservation Letters, Wiley, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2017-11), p. 788-789
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1755-263X , 1755-263X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/conl.2017.10.issue-6
    DOI: 10.1111/conl.12384
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2430375-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Data_Sheet_1.docx
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2023
    In:  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 11 ( 2023-6-2)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 11 ( 2023-6-2)
    Abstract: Human stressors block, eliminate, and simplify habitat mosaics, eroding landscapes’ life history diversity and thus biological resilience. One goal of restoration is to alleviate human stressors that suppress life history diversity, but life history responses to these efforts are still coming into focus. Here, we report life history diversity emerging in threatened salmonids ( Oncorhynchus spp.) repopulating the recently undammed Elwha River (WA, United States) in adjacent but environmentally distinct tributaries. The ~20 km tributaries entered the Elwha River & lt;1 km apart, but one had a colder stream temperature regime and swifter waters due to its high, snow-dominated elevation and steep valley gradient (~3%), while the other had a warmer stream temperature regime and slower waters because it drained a lake, was at lower elevation, and had a lower stream gradient (~1.5%). Following the 2012 removal of Elwha Dam, the tributaries’ salmonids generally became more abundant and expressed diverse life histories within and among species. The warmer, low-gradient tributary produced more age-1+ coho salmon while the colder, steeper tributary produced a notably high abundance of steelhead smolts in 2020. Additionally, salmonids exiting the warmer tributary were older and possibly larger for their age class, emigrated ~25 days earlier, and included age-0 Chinook salmon that were larger. Also, assemblage composition varied among years, with the most abundant species shifting between Chinook salmon and coho salmon, while steelhead abundances generally increased but were patchy. These patterns are consistent with a newly accessible, heterogeneous landscape generating life history diversity against the backdrop of patchy recruitment as salmonids—some with considerable hatchery-origin ancestry—repopulate an extirpated landscape. Overall, dam removal appears to have promoted life history diversity, which may bolster resilience during an era of rapid environmental change and portend positive outcomes for upcoming dam removals with similar goals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-701X
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1188921
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1188921.s001
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2745634-1
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  • 8
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    Kelp Forest Zooplankton, Forage Fishes, and Juvenile Salmonids of the Northeast Pacific Nearshore
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Marine and Coastal Fisheries Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-02), p. 4-20
    Details
    In: Marine and Coastal Fisheries, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-02), p. 4-20
    Abstract: Kelp forests are an important ecological component of temperate coastal systems that are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and are in decline in many locations globally. In the northeastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Washington, USA , bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana forests are seasonally used by juvenile salmonids and forage fishes; however, details on ecosystem functional linkages for forage fishes and salmonids are not well quantified. Using a zooplankton drop net and snorkel surveys for fishes, we sampled two bull kelp forests across multiple years. Our goal was to quantify differences in the communities of zooplankton, juvenile salmonids (Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Coho Salmon O. kisutch ), and forage fishes (Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii , Surf Smelt Hypomesus pretiosus , and Pacific Sand Lance Ammodytes hexapterus ) between kelp forests and adjacent nonkelp (open‐water) habitats. We tested the hypothesis that zooplankton common in the diets of surface‐oriented forage fishes and juvenile salmonids would be more abundant in kelp than in open water. At the overall assemblage level of organization, kelp and open‐water habitats had similarly abundant and diverse zooplankton communities. However, decapods and phytal‐associated harpacticoid copepods within this assemblage (i.e., groups that are an important component of fish diets) were significantly more abundant in kelp forests than in open‐water habitat. Greater presence and abundance of zooplankton, juvenile salmonids, and forage fishes in kelp forests compared to adjacent open‐water habitats suggest that kelp forests are important for culturally and economically valuable forage fishes and salmonids and warrant further study to define and conserve their ecosystem function.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1942-5120 , 1942-5120
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/mcf2.10103
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2483227-3
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  • 9
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    Effects of shoreline armouring and overwater structures on coastal and estuarine fish: opportunities for habitat improvement
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 54, No. 5 ( 2017-10), p. 1373-1384
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 54, No. 5 ( 2017-10), p. 1373-1384
    Abstract: Shoreline armouring and overwater structures often compromise fish habitats. These threats to nearshore fish habitats will become more severe as growing coastal populations and rising sea levels increase demands for shoreline infrastructure. Our ability to assess and rehabilitate nearshore fish habitats along modified shorelines will be enhanced by: focusing research attention on metrics that directly indicate fish habitat quality; implementing and evaluating shoreline features that repair compromised habitat functions within human‐use constraints; collating natural history knowledge of nearshore ecosystems; and embracing the socio‐ecological nature of habitat improvements by educating the public about conservation efforts and fostering appreciation of local nearshore ecosystems. Actions to reduce impacts of shoreline modifications on fish are particularly feasible when they align with societal goals, such as improving flood protection and providing spaces that facilitate recreation, education, and connections between people and nature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jpe.2017.54.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12906
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020408-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410405-5
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  • 10
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    Impact of multiple stressors on juvenile fish in estuaries of the northeast Pacific
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2018-05), p. 2008-2020
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2018-05), p. 2008-2020
    Abstract: A key step in identifying global change impacts on species and ecosystems is to quantify effects of multiple stressors. To date, the science of global change has been dominated by regional field studies, experimental manipulation, meta‐analyses, conceptual models, reviews, and studies focusing on a single stressor or species over broad spatial and temporal scales. Here, we provide one of the first studies for coastal systems examining multiple stressor effects across broad scales, focused on the nursery function of 20 estuaries spanning 1,600 km of coastline, 25 years of monitoring, and seven fish and invertebrate species along the northeast Pacific coast. We hypothesized those species most estuarine dependent and negatively impacted by human activities would have lower presence and abundances in estuaries with greater anthropogenic land cover, pollution, and water flow stress. We found significant negative relationships between juveniles of two of seven species (Chinook salmon and English sole) and estuarine stressors. Chinook salmon were less likely to occur and were less abundant in estuaries with greater pollution stress. They were also less abundant in estuaries with greater flow stress, although this relationship was marginally insignificant. English sole were less abundant in estuaries with greater land cover stress. Together, we provide new empirical evidence that effects of stressors on two fish species culminate in detectable trends along the northeast Pacific coast, elevating the need for protection from pollution, land cover, and flow stressors to their habitats. Lack of response among the other five species could be related to differing resistance to specific stressors, type and precision of the stressor metrics, and limitations in catch data across estuaries and habitats. Acquiring improved measurements of impacts to species will guide future management actions, and help predict how estuarine nursery functions can be optimized given anthropogenic stressors and climate change scenarios.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.2018.24.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14055
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1281439-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
    SSG: 12
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