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  • 1
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    Does the primate pattern hold up? Testing the functional significance of infraorbital foramen size variation among marsupials
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  American Journal of Physical Anthropology Vol. 160, No. 1 ( 2016-05), p. 30-40
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Wiley, Vol. 160, No. 1 ( 2016-05), p. 30-40
    Abstract: The relative size of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) has been used to infer the ecology of extinct primates for several decades. Primates have relatively smaller IOFs than most other mammals, which may result from the fact that they pre‐process and manipulate food with their hands rather than their muzzles. In primates, relative IOF area co‐varies with diet, where insectivores and folivores have relatively smaller IOFs than frugivores. We wanted to determine whether the observed patterns associated with IOF variation hold across other orders. Materials and Methods We examined how relative IOF area differs among marsupials occupying different ecological niches. Marsupials were chosen because they converge with primates in both ecology and morphology, but unlike primates, some marsupials approach and pre‐process foods only with their muzzles. We measured IOF area and cranial lengths from 72 marsupial species, and behavioral feeding data were obtained from a subset of this sample ( N = 20). Results Relative IOF area did not vary significantly between substrate preferences. However, relative IOF area differed significantly by diet category ( P   〈  0.001). Species that specialize in feeding on non‐grassy leaves have significantly smaller relative IOF areas than species which primarily feed on grasses, insects, vertebrates, or some combination thereof. Behavioral analyses support that folivorous marsupials approach and remove food with the hands more often than marsupials from other dietary groups. Discussion Results suggest that relatively small IOF area may reflect increased reliance on the hands while feeding, and that relative IOF size can be used as an indicator of feeding behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:30–40, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-9483 , 1096-8644
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.v160.1
    DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22931
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 2
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    Muscle Mass Scaling in Primates: An Energetic and Ecological Perspective : Primate Muscle Mass Scaling
    Wiley ; 2012
    In:  American Journal of Primatology Vol. 74, No. 5 ( 2012-05), p. 395-407
    Details
    In: American Journal of Primatology, Wiley, Vol. 74, No. 5 ( 2012-05), p. 395-407
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0275-2565
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ajp.21990
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 3
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    Eye Size at Birth in Prosimian Primates: Life History Correlates and Growth Patterns
    Public Library of Science (PLoS) ; 2012
    In:  PLoS ONE Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2012-5-2), p. e36097-
    Details
    In: PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2012-5-2), p. e36097-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-6203
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    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036097
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036097.g001
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 4
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    The Interpretive Power of Infraorbital Foramen Area in Making Dietary Inferences in Extant Apes
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  The Anatomical Record Vol. 297, No. 8 ( 2014-08), p. 1377-1384
    Details
    In: The Anatomical Record, Wiley, Vol. 297, No. 8 ( 2014-08), p. 1377-1384
    Abstract: The infraorbital foramen (IOF) is located below the orbit and transmits the sensory infraorbital nerve (ION) to mechanoreceptors located throughout the maxillary region. The size of the IOF correlates with the size of the ION; thus, the IOF appears to indicate relative touch sensitivity of maxillary region. In primates, IOF size correlates well with diet. Frugivores have relatively larger IOFs than folivores or insectivores because fruit handling/processing requires increased touch sensitivity. However, it is unknown if the IOF can be used to detect subtle dietary differences among closely related hominoid species. Hominoids are traditionally grouped into broad dietary categories, despite the fact that hominoid diets are remarkably diverse. This study examines whether relative IOF size is capable of differentiating among the dietary preferences of closely related species with overlapping, yet divergent diets. We measured IOF area in Hylobates lar , Symphalangus syndactulus , Pongo pygmaeus spp., Pan troglodytes , Gorilla gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri , and Gorilla beringei beringei . We classified each species as a dedicated folivore, mixed folivore/frugivore, soft object frugivore, or hard object frugivore. The IOF is documented to be larger in more frugivorous species and smaller in more folivorous taxa. Interestingly, G.b. beringei , had the largest relative IOF of any gorilla, despite being a dedicated folivore. G.b. beringei does have unique food processing behavior that relies heavily on maxillary mechanoreception, thus this finding is not entirely unsupported behaviorally. The results of this study provide evidence that the IOF is an informative feature in interpretations of fossil apes. Anat Rec, 297:1377–1384, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-8486 , 1932-8494
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.v297.8
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.22953
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 5
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    Good Vibrations: The Evolution of Whisking in Small Mammals
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  The Anatomical Record Vol. 303, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 89-99
    Details
    In: The Anatomical Record, Wiley, Vol. 303, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 89-99
    Abstract: While most mammals have whiskers, some tactile specialists—mainly small, nocturnal, and arboreal species—can actively move their whiskers in a symmetrical, cyclic movement called whisking. Whisking enables mammals to rapidly, tactually scan their environment to efficiently guide locomotion and foraging in complex habitats. The muscle architecture that enables whisking is preserved from marsupials to primates, prompting researchers to suggest that a common ancestor might have had moveable whiskers. Studying the evolution of whisker touch sensing is difficult, and we suggest that measuring an aspect of skull morphology that correlates with whisking would enable comparisons between extinct and extant mammals. We find that whisking mammals have larger infraorbital foramen (IOF) areas, which indicates larger infraorbital nerves and an increase in sensory acuity. While this relationship is quite variable and IOF area cannot be used to solely predict the presence of whisking, whisking mammals all have large IOF areas. Generally, this pattern holds true regardless of an animal's substrate preferences or activity patterns. Data from fossil mammals and ancestral character state reconstruction and tracing techniques for extant mammals suggest that whisking is not the ancestral state for therian mammals. Instead, whisking appears to have evolved independently as many as seven times across the clades Marsupialia, Afrosoricida, Eulipotyphla, and Rodentia, with Xenarthra the only placental superordinal clade lacking whisking species. However, the term whisking only captures symmetrical and rhythmic movements of the whiskers, rather than all possible whisker movements, and early mammals may still have had moveable whiskers. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-8486 , 1932-8494
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.v303.1
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.23989
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
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    Comparing vibrissal morphology and infraorbital foramen area in pinnipeds
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  The Anatomical Record Vol. 305, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. 556-567
    Details
    In: The Anatomical Record, Wiley, Vol. 305, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. 556-567
    Abstract: Pinniped vibrissae are well‐adapted to sensing in an aquatic environment, by being morphologically diverse and more sensitive than those of terrestrial species. However, it is both challenging and time‐consuming to measure vibrissal sensitivity in many species. In terrestrial species, the infraorbital foramen (IOF) area is associated with vibrissal sensitivity and increases with vibrissal number. While pinnipeds are thought to have large IOF areas, this has not yet been systematically measured before. We investigated vibrissal morphology, IOF area, and skull size in 16 species of pinniped and 12 terrestrial Carnivora species. Pinnipeds had significantly larger skulls and IOF areas, longer vibrissae, and fewer vibrissae than the other Carnivora species. IOF area and vibrissal number were correlated in Pinnipeds, just as they are in terrestrial mammals. However, despite pinnipeds having significantly fewer vibrissae than other Carnivora species, their IOF area was not smaller, which might be due to pinnipeds having vibrissae that are innervated more. We propose that investigating normalized IOF area per vibrissa will offer an alternative way to approximate gross individual vibrissal sensitivity in pinnipeds and other mammalian species. Our data show that many species of pinniped, and some species of felids, are likely to have strongly innervated individual vibrissae, since they have high values of normalized IOF area per vibrissa. We suggest that species that hunt moving prey items in the dark will have more sensitive and specialized vibrissae, especially as they have to integrate between individual vibrissal signals to calculate the direction of moving prey during hunting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-8486 , 1932-8494
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.v305.3
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.24683
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 7
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    Scaling of Anatomically Derived Maximal Bite Force in Primates
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  The Anatomical Record Vol. 303, No. 7 ( 2020-07), p. 2026-2035
    Details
    In: The Anatomical Record, Wiley, Vol. 303, No. 7 ( 2020-07), p. 2026-2035
    Abstract: By combining muscle architectural data with biomechanical variables relating to the jaw, we produce anatomically derived maximum bite force estimations for 23 species of catarrhine and platyrrhine primates. We investigate how bite force scales across the sample as a whole (and within each parvorder) relative to two size proxies, body mass and cranial geometric mean, and the effect of diet upon bite force. Bite force is estimated at three representative bite points along the dental row: the first maxillary incisor, canine, and third‐most mesial paracone. We modeled bite force by combining calculated physiological cross‐sectional area of the jaw adductors from Hartstone‐Rose et al. [Anat Rec 301 (2018) 311–324] with osteological measurements of lever‐ and load‐arm lengths from the same specimens [Hartstone‐Rose et al., Anat Rec 295 (2012) 1336–1351] . Bite force scales with positive allometry relative to cranial geometric mean across our entire sample and tends toward positive allometry relative to body mass. Bite force tends toward positive allometry within platyrrhines but scales isometrically within catarrhines. There was no statistically significant scaling difference with diet. Our findings imply an absence of a dietary signal in the scaling of bite force, a result that differs from the scaling of physiological cross‐sectional area alone. That is, although previous studies have found a dietary signal in the muscle fiber architecture in these species, when these are combined with their leverages, that signal is undetectable. On the parvorder level, our data also demonstrate that the platyrrhine masticatory system appears more mechanically advantageous than that of catarrhines. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:2026–2035, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-8486 , 1932-8494
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.v303.7
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.24284
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 8
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    Caudal vertebral body articular surface morphology correlates with functional tail use in anthropoid primates
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Morphology Vol. 275, No. 11 ( 2014-11), p. 1300-1311
    Details
    In: Journal of Morphology, Wiley, Vol. 275, No. 11 ( 2014-11), p. 1300-1311
    Abstract: Prehensile tails, capable of suspending the entire body weight of an animal, have evolved in parallel in New World monkeys (Platyrrhini): once in the Atelinae ( Alouatta, Ateles, Brachyteles, Lagothrix ), and once in the Cebinae ( Cebus, Sapajus ). Structurally, the prehensile tails of atelines and cebines share morphological features that distinguish them from nonprehensile tails, including longer proximal tail regions, well‐developed hemal processes, robust caudal vertebrae resistant to higher torsional and bending stresses, and caudal musculature capable of producing higher contractile forces. The functional significance of shape variation in the articular surfaces of caudal vertebral bodies, however, is relatively less well understood. Given that tail use differs considerably among prehensile and nonprehensile anthropoids, it is reasonable to predict that caudal vertebral body articular surface area and shape will respond to use‐specific patterns of mechanical loading. We examine the potential for intervertebral articular surface contour curvature and relative surface area to discriminate between prehensile‐tailed and nonprehensile‐tailed platyrrhines and cercopithecoids. The proximal and distal intervertebral articular surfaces of the first (Ca1), transitional and longest caudal vertebrae were examined for individuals representing 10 anthropoid taxa with differential patterns of tail‐use. Study results reveal significant morphological differences consistent with the functional demands of unique patterns of tail use for all vertebral elements sampled. Prehensile‐tailed platyrrhines that more frequently use their tails in suspension (atelines) had significantly larger and more convex intervertebral articular surfaces than all nonprehensile‐tailed anthropoids examined here, although the intervertebral articular surface contour curvatures of large, terrestrial cercopithecoids (i.e., Papio sp.) converge on the ateline condition. Prehensile‐tailed platyrrhines that more often use their tails in tripodal bracing postures (cebines) are morphologically intermediate between atelines and nonprehensile tailed anthropoids. J. Morphol. 275:1300–1311, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0362-2525 , 1097-4687
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jmor.v275.11
    DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20304
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 9
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    Anatomy for All: Accommodations for a Variety of Situations
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  The FASEB Journal Vol. 34, No. S1 ( 2020-04), p. 1-1
    Details
    In: The FASEB Journal, Wiley, Vol. 34, No. S1 ( 2020-04), p. 1-1
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0892-6638 , 1530-6860
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1096/fsb2.v34.S1
    DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00722
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 10
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    Relative tooth size at birth in primates: Life history correlates
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  American Journal of Physical Anthropology Vol. 164, No. 3 ( 2017-11), p. 623-634
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Wiley, Vol. 164, No. 3 ( 2017-11), p. 623-634
    Abstract: Dental eruption schedules have been closely linked to life history variables. Here we examine a sample of 50 perinatal primates (28 species) to determine whether life history traits correlate with relative tooth size at birth. Materials and methods Newborn primates were studied using serial histological sectioning. Volumes of deciduous premolars (dp 2 –dp 4 ), replacement teeth (if any), and permanent molars (M 1–2/3 ) of the upper jaw were measured and residuals from cranial length were calculated with least squares regressions to obtain relative dental volumes (RDVs). Results Relative dental volumes of deciduous or permanent teeth have an unclear relationship with relative neonatal mass in all primates. Relative palatal length (RPL), used as a proxy for midfacial size, is significantly, positively correlated with larger deciduous and permanent postcanine teeth. However, when strepsirrhines alone are examined, larger RPL is correlated with smaller RDV of permanent teeth. In the full sample, RDVs of deciduous premolars are significantly negatively correlated with relative gestation length (RGL), but have no clear relationship with relative weaning age. RDVs of molars lack a clear relationship with RGL; later weaning is associated with larger molar RDV, although correlations are not significant. When strepsirrhines alone are analyzed, clearer trends are present: longer gestations or later weaning are associated with smaller deciduous and larger permanent postcanine teeth (only gestational length correlations are significant). Discussion Our results indicate a broad trend that primates with the shortest RGLs precociously develop deciduous teeth; in strepsirrhines, the opposite trend is seen for permanent molars. Anthropoids delay growth of permanent teeth, while strepsirrhines with short RGLs are growing replacement teeth concurrently. A comparison of neonatal volumes with existing information on extent of cusp mineralization indicates that growth of tooth germs and cusp mineralization may be selected for independently.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-9483 , 1096-8644
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.v164.3
    DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23302
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
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