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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanical and physical properties of bottom ash/fly ash geopolymer for pavement brick application
    IOP Publishing ; 2020
    In:  IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 743, No. 1 ( 2020-02-01), p. 012029-
    Details
    In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, Vol. 743, No. 1 ( 2020-02-01), p. 012029-
    Abstract: Geopolymers are amorphous to semi-crystalline with excellent physical and and mechanical properties. It has been used to become a potential binder to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in certain applications due to its lower emission of carbon dioxide gases and low energy consumption sustainability criteria. Bottom Ash (BA) is one of the main industrial by-products and it is produced at the bottom of the furnace during the coal combustion process in electricity generation. The application of BA as a sustainable construction material in the building industry plays an important role in order to decrease the volume of residual waste and conserving existing natural fine aggregates. The objectives for this study is to study the effect of fly ash to bottom ash ratio and to determine the optimum ratio of fly ash to bottom ash geopolymer for pavement brick application. The chemical composition and morphology of geopolymer reinforcement was analysed by using X-ray Fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscope. The molarity of the Sodium Hydroxide solution is fixed at 12M. The parameter used in this study are different weight percentage of fly ash geopolymer 0 wt%, 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt% and 40 wt%. The solid to liquid ratios for this study is 2.0. The curing temperature of this study is 80°C and the curing time is 24 hours. 100% of bottom ash geopolymer is used as a control variable for this study.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1757-8981 , 1757-899X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/743/1/012029
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2567001-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2506501-4
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanical and Durability Analysis of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer with Various Compositions for Rigid Pavement Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2022-05-11), p. 3458-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2022-05-11), p. 3458-
    Abstract: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is a conventional material used to construct rigid pavement that emits large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) during its manufacturing process, which is bad for the environment. It is also claimed that OPC is susceptible to acid attack, which increases the maintenance cost of rigid pavement. Therefore, a fly ash based geopolymer is proposed as a material for rigid pavement application as it releases lesser amounts of CO2 during the synthesis process and has higher acid resistance compared to OPC. This current study optimizes the formulation to produce fly ash based geopolymer with the highest compressive strength. In addition, the durability of fly ash based geopolymer concrete and OPC concrete in an acidic environment is also determined and compared. The results show that the optimum value of sodium hydroxide concentration, the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, and the ratio of solid-to-liquid for fly ash based geopolymer are 10 M, 2.0, and 2.5, respectively, with a maximum compressive strength of 47 MPa. The results also highlight that the durability of fly ash based geopolymer is higher than that of OPC concrete, indicating that fly ash based geopolymer is a better material for rigid pavement applications, with a percentage of compressive strength loss of 7.38% to 21.94% for OPC concrete. This current study contributes to the field of knowledge by providing a reference for future development of fly ash based geopolymer for rigid pavement applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15103458
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Effect of NaOH Concentration and Curing Condition to the Strength and Shrinkage Performance of Recycled Geopolymer Concrete
    Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. ; 2014
    In:  Materials Science Forum Vol. 803 ( 2014-8), p. 194-200
    Details
    In: Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 803 ( 2014-8), p. 194-200
    Abstract: Concrete is widely used as a material construction. Globally, the consumption of concrete was estimated to be more than 8 billion tons per year. Nowadays, many problems arise related to concrete manufacturing occur especially on environmental issues. A key concern for environmentalists has always been climate change. One of the ways to mitigate the impact activities on the climate is to reduce carbon footprint. Portland cement are commonly been used in concrete is responsible for about 5% of all CO 2 emission. It is reported by Davidovit that the production of one ton of Portland cement emits approximately one ton of CO 2 into the atmosphere. There are several ways to reduce environmental pollution that cause by production and utilization of Portland cement, one of it is Geopolymer concrete. Subsequently Geopolymer concrete incorporating with recycle concrete aggregate (RCA) is one of the alternative to further reduce carbon footprint and as well as can reduce waste. Geopolymer concrete is a concrete that use no cement and produced by the combination of alkaline activator and supplementary cementitious material (SCM) such as fly ash, boiler ash, waste paper sludge ash (WPSA), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and so on in order to reduce carbon emission. In this study the Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) were used as a SCM and the combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) as a binder. Two (2) series of geopolymer concrete specimens comprising two (2) different molar of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which are 8M and 14M were adopted. The effect variable alkaline molarity on the compressive strength and shrinkage of the geopolymer concrete specimens is tested at the age of 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The mixture of geopolymer concete with 8M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration then was categorized into three (3) groups. Each group were been cured at different curing condition which are in ambient condition, oven, and external condition. The size of specimens prepared were 100mm x 100mm x100mm. The result shows that the molarities of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) influenced the strength of Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) based geopolymer concrete produced incorporating with increasing of recycle concrete aggregate (RCA). The result also show that the geopolymer concrete undergoes very low shrinkage. Curing condition will also effect the strength of geopolymer concrete produced.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.803
    DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.803.194
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2047372-2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Characterisation at the Bonding Zone between Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Repair Materials (GRM) and Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete (OPCC)
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Materials Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2020-12-24), p. 56-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2020-12-24), p. 56-
    Abstract: In recent years, research and development of geopolymers has gained significant interest in the fields of repairs and restoration. This paper investigates the application of a geopolymer as a repair material by implementation of high-calcium fly ash (FA) as a main precursor, activated by a sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution. Three methods of concrete substrate surface preparation were cast and patched: as-cast against ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC), with drilled holes, wire-brushed, and left as-cast against the OPCC grade 30. This study indicated that FA-based geopolymer repair materials (GRMs) possessed very high bonding strength at early stages and that the behavior was not affected significantly by high surface treatment roughness. In addition, the investigations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy have revealed that the geopolymer repair material became chemically bonded to the OPC concrete substrate, due to the formation of a C–A–S–H gel. Fundamentally, the geopolymer network is composed of tetrahedral anions (SiO4)4− and (AlO4)5− sharing the oxygen, which requires positive ions such as Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, Na+, Ba2+, NH4+, and H3O+. The availability of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) at the surface of the OPCC substrate, which was rich in calcium ions (Ca2+), reacted with the geopolymer; this compensated the electron vacancies of the framework cavities at the bonding zone between the GRM and the OPCC substrate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma14010056
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Potential of industrial By-Products based geopolymer for rigid concrete pavement application
    Elsevier BV ; 2022
    In:  Construction and Building Materials Vol. 344 ( 2022-08), p. 128190-
    Details
    In: Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier BV, Vol. 344 ( 2022-08), p. 128190-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0950-0618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128190
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 58896-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation on the Mechanical Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash Stabilized Soil via Geopolymer Process
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Materials Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2021-05-26), p. 2833-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2021-05-26), p. 2833-
    Abstract: This study intended to address the problem of damaged (collapsed, cracked and decreased soil strength) road pavement structure built on clay soil due to clay soil properties such as low shear strength, high soil compressibility, low soil permeability, low soil strength, and high soil plasticity. Previous research reported that ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and fly ash can be used for clay soil stabilizations, but the results of past research indicate that the road pavement construction standards remained unfulfilled, especially in terms of clay’s subgrade soil. Due to this reason, this study is carried out to further investigate soil stabilization using GGBS and fly ash-based geopolymer processes. This study investigates the effects of GGBS and ratios of fly ash (solid) to alkaline activator (liquid) of 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1, cured for 1 and 7 days. The molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the ratio of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was fixed at 10 molar and 2.0 weight ratio. The mechanical properties of the soil stabilization based geopolymer process were tested using an unconfined compression test, while the characterization of soil stabilization was investigated using the plastic limit test, liquid limit test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the highest strength obtained was 3.15 MPA with a GGBS to alkaline activator ratio of 1.5 and Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio of 2.0 at 7 days curing time. These findings are useful in enhancing knowledge in the field of soil stabilization-based geopolymer, especially for applications in pavement construction. In addition, it can be used as a reference for academicians, civil engineers, and geotechnical engineers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma14112833
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tool Wear and Surface Evaluation in Drilling Fly Ash Geopolymer Using HSS, HSS-Co, and HSS-TiN Cutting Tools
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Materials Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2021-03-26), p. 1628-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2021-03-26), p. 1628-
    Abstract: This paper reports on the potential use of geopolymer in the drilling process, with respect to tool wear and surface roughness. The objectives of this research are to analyze the tool life of three different economy-grade drill bit uncoated; high-speed steel (HSS), HSS coated with TiN (HSS-TiN), and HSS-cobalt (HSS-Co) in the drilling of geopolymer and to investigate the effect of spindle speed towards the tool life and surface roughness. It was found that, based on the range of parameters set in this experiment, the spindle speed is directly proportional to the tool wear and inversely proportional to surface roughness. It was also observed that HSS-Co produced the lowest value of surface roughness compared to HSS-TiN and uncoated HSS and therefore is the most favorable tool to be used for drilling the material. For HSS, HSS coated with TiN, and HSS-Co, only the drilling with the spindle speed of 100 rpm was able to drill 15 holes without surpassing the maximum tool wear of 0.10 mm. HSS-Co exhibits the greatest tool life by showing the lowest value of flank wear and produce a better surface finish to the sample by a low value of surface roughness value (Ra). This finding explains that geopolymer is possible to be drilled, and therefore, ranges of cutting tools and parameters suggested can be a guideline for researchers and manufacturers to drill geopolymer for further applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma14071628
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interaction of Geopolymer Filler and Alkali Molarity Concentration towards the Fire Properties of Glass-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Fabricated Using Filament Winding Technique
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2022-09-19), p. 6495-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2022-09-19), p. 6495-
    Abstract: This paper aims to find out the effect of different weight percentages of geopolymer filler in glass-reinforced epoxy pipe, and which can achieve the best mechanical properties and adhesion between high calcium pozzolanic-based geopolymer matrices. Different weight percentages and molarities of epoxy hardener resin and high calcium pozzolanic-based geopolymer were injected into the glass fiber. By manually winding filaments, composite samples were produced, and they were then allowed to cure at room temperature. To determine how well the geopolymer matrices adhere to the fiber reinforcement, the microstructure of the composites’ surfaces and perpendicular sections were examined. Maximum values of compressive strength and compressive modulus were 94.64 MPa and 2373.58 MPa, respectively, for the sample with a weight percentage of filler loading of 30 wt% for an alkali concentration of 12 M. This is a relatively wide range of geopolymer weight percentage of filler loading from 10 wt% to 40 wt%, at which we can obtain high compressive properties. By referring to microstructural analysis, adhesion, and interaction of the geopolymer matrix to glass fiber, it shows that the filler is well-dispersed and embedded at the fiber glass, and it was difficult to determine the differences within the range of optimal geopolymer filler content. By determining the optimum weight percent of 30 wt% of geopolymer filler and microstructural analysis, the maximum parameter has been achieved via analysis of high calcium pozzolanic-based geopolymer filler. Fire or elevated temperature represents one of the extreme ambient conditions that any structure may be exposed to during its service life. The heat resistance or thermal analysis between glass-reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipe and glass-reinforced epoxy pipe filled with high calcium pozzolanic-based geopolymer filler was studied by investigating burning tests on the samples, which shows that the addition of high calcium pozzolanic-based geopolymer filler results in a significant reduction of the melted epoxy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15186495
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Production of Fiber Glass Reinforced Geopolymer Composite Pipe
    Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. ; 2014
    In:  Materials Science Forum Vol. 803 ( 2014-8), p. 29-36
    Details
    In: Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 803 ( 2014-8), p. 29-36
    Abstract: A filament winding system was developed for manufacturing various types of fiber/cement composite materials. In general, filament winding is a very popular method to produce composite parts which are axisymmetric such as composite pipes, tubes, tanks, cylinders, spheres that are fabricated using filament winding technique. In this study, raw material based geopolymer resin composites reinforced by continuous glass fiber were used for fabrication and synthesized by different types of raw materials which is fly ash, silica sand, white clay, kaolin and pozzolonic. The effects of different types of raw materials on the product were investigated. The compressive properties of the resulting composite were determined on an Instron Universal Testing under compression mode and the results shows white clay for vertical position gives the highest strength.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.803
    DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.803.29
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2047372-2
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Epoxy Hardener Filled with Geopolymer Materials for Piping Application: Flexural Properties
    Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. ; 2015
    In:  Key Engineering Materials Vol. 660 ( 2015-8), p. 44-48
    Details
    In: Key Engineering Materials, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 660 ( 2015-8), p. 44-48
    Abstract: In this study, the effect of geopolymer materials in epoxy hardener was studied under mechanical testing which is using flexural test. A series of epoxy filled with 10%-30% weight percentage geopolymer materials which are white clay, fly ash and silica sand was prepared. Flexural strength of the epoxy filled geopolymer materials is determined using Instron Universal Testing under flexural mode. It was found that the addition of these geopolymer materials into epoxy at the beginning with 10% weight percentage showing lower flexural strength than epoxy without geopolymer materials filled. However, flexural properties suddenly increased at 20% weight percentage of white clay and fly ash based geopolymer but tend to decrease at 30% weight percentage compared to silica sand based geopolymer which the strength is continue to decline with the increasing of weight percentage of silica sand. The results indicated that the blending of geopolymer materials in epoxy system can be obtained in this study.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-9795
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.660
    DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.660.44
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2073306-9
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