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  • 1
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    Synthesizing images of tau pathology from cross-modal neuroimaging using deep learning
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Brain ( 2023-10-07)
    Details
    In: Brain, Oxford University Press (OUP), ( 2023-10-07)
    Abstract: Given the prevalence of dementia and the development of pathology-specific disease modifying therapies, high-value biomarker strategies to inform medical decision making are critical. In-vivo tau positron emission tomography (PET) is an ideal target as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and treatment outcome measure. However, tau PET is not currently widely accessible to patients compared to other neuroimaging methods. In this study, we present a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that impute tau PET images from more widely-available cross-modality imaging inputs. Participants (n=1,192) with brain T1-weighted MRI (T1w), fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, amyloid PET, and tau PET were included. We found that a CNN model can impute tau PET images with high accuracy, the highest being for the FDG-based model followed by amyloid PET and T1w. In testing implications of AI-imputed tau PET, only the FDG-based model showed a significant improvement of performance in classifying tau positivity and diagnostic groups compared to the original input data, suggesting that application of the model could enhance the utility of the metabolic images. The interpretability experiment revealed that the FDG- and T1w-based models utilized the non-local input from physically remote ROIs to estimate the tau PET, but this was not the case for the PiB-based model. This implies that the model can learn the distinct biological relationship between FDG PET, T1w, and tau PET from the relationship between amyloid PET and tau PET. Our study suggests that extending neuroimaging’s use with artificial intelligence to predict protein specific pathologies has great potential to inform emerging care models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0006-8950 , 1460-2156
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad346
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1474117-9
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  • 2
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    Synthesizing Images of Tau Pathology from Images of Glucose Utilization
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 18, No. S5 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S5 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: In vivo tau‐positron emission tomography (PET) is an attractive biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis and treatment. However, tau‐PET is less widely available than other modalities. In this study, we tested cross‐modality synthesis of tau‐PET brain images from fluorodeoxyglucose F‐18 (FDG)‐PET using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). Method Participants (n=1,192) who had brain FDG‐PET with 18 F‐FDG and tau‐PET with Flortaucipir (F‐18‐AV‐1451) were included for training and testing. This cohort spanned normal aging (ages 26‐98), pre‐clinical, and clinical AD and related disorders including the FTD and DLB spectrum. External validation was done using ADNI (n=288). The PET scans were co‐registered to the corresponding MRI and subsequently warped to Mayo Clinic Adult Lifespan Template (MCALT) space. Tau‐PET images were SUVR‐normalized to the cerebellar crus, and FDG to the pons. A 3D dense‐U‐net model was utilized as an architecture. Cross‐validation experiments were conducted using 5‐fold validations (60% training set, 20% validation set, and 20% test set) with mean squared error as the loss function. Result Our dense‐U‐net model successfully synthesized tau‐PET from metabolic images with good correlation and low prediction error for regional SUVRs (Figure 1A‐C). The model showed a robust prediction ability, performing accurately in an independent, external ADNI cohort (Figure 1D‐F). The model‐imputed tau‐PET significantly improved performance in classifying tau positivity (mean AUROC(±SD)=0.78±0.04 and 0.85±0.03 for FDG‐PET and synthesized tau‐PET, respectively) and diagnostic groups (cognitively unimpaired with abnormal amyloid‐PET vs. cognitively impaired with abnormal amyloid‐PET) compared to the original input FDG data (mean AUROC(±SD)=0.89±0.04, 0.85±0.05 0.91±0.04 for actual tau‐PET, FDG‐PET and synthesized tau‐PET, respectively) (Figure 2), suggesting enhanced clinical utility for metabolic images. The ADNI cohort also showed similar results (for tau positivity: AUROC=0.66 and 0.78 for FDG‐PET and synthesized tau‐PET, respectively; for CU A+ vs. CI A+: AUROC=0.86, 0.62, and 0.73 for actual tau‐PET, FDG‐PET, and synthesized tau‐PET; Figure 3). Conclusion We showed that using a CNN model to predict tau‐PET from FDG‐PET is feasible. The synthesized tau‐PET can augment the value of FDG‐PET, facilitating the multi‐modal diagnosis of AD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v18.S5
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.062011
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 3
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    Diffusion tensor imaging findings in empirically derived incident MCI subtypes
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 17, No. S1 ( 2021-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. S1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Early changes in white matter (WM) measured using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are sensitive markers of WM degeneration and predict future cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We sought to examine whether changes in WM integrity differed among empirically derived subtypes of incident MCI. Method Participants included 66 individuals with incident MCI enrolled in the population‐based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA) previously identified via cluster analysis as having one of four MCI subtypes: subtle cognitive impairment (SCI; n = 13, mean age 78; 15% women), amnestic (n = 24; mean age 79; 54% women), dysnomic (n = 8; mean age 79; 38% women), and dysexecutive (n = 21; mean age 82; 33% women). All participants completed 3T MRI at the time of the MCI diagnosis. We compared the MCI subtypes to 100 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants (mean age 77; 49% women). We used tract‐based spatial statistics to examine voxel‐level differences in fractional anisotropy (FA). We also fit a linear regression model to regional FA data from the corpus callosum (CC), the major interhemispheric WM connection, to quantify the relative differences in WM damage. Result All MCI subtypes except the subtle cognitive impairment group had widespread decreased FA. Relative to CU, the amnestic cluster showed decreased FA in the CC (genu), cingulum, fornix and uncinate fasciculus (UF); the dysnomic cluster showed decreased FA in the CC (genu, splenium), fornix, UF, anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), and corticospinal tract (CST); and the dysexecutive group showed decreased FA in the CC (genu, body, splenium), cingulum, UF, ATR, CST, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. The dysexecutive cluster had the most severe bilateral involvement among all MCI subtypes. The regional analysis showed that the amnestic, dysnomic, and dysexecutive groups (but not the subtle cognitive impairment group) had significantly lower FA of the CC compared to CU (p 〈 0.001; Figure 1). Conclusion We found widespread WM degeneration in the commissural and long association fibers in amnestic, dysnomic, and dysexecutive incident MCI subtypes. The extent of CC damage seen in Figure 1. confirmed the voxel‐level results and suggests that interhemispheric WM disconnection is relevant to the development of MCI.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v17.S1
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.054998
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 4
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    ALLFTD Mobile App Balance and Finger Tapping Tasks: Task Description and Initial Reliability and Validity Findings
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 18, No. S7 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S7 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: Motor disturbances are common in patients with a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological syndromes, such as Parkinson’s disease and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). Accurately quantifying motoric changes could enable earlier detection and monitoring of these syndromes, and remote quantification may allow for more frequent assessments and may improve access to research for underrepresented and geographically dispersed participants. With these benefits in mind, investigators from the ALLFTD consortium developed smartphone tests of balance and finger tapping speed. Here we present preliminary test‐retest reliability and associations with gold standard tests. Method The tasks were analyzed in two independent samples. The first was an in‐person cohort of healthy older adults (n = 7), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 1) and FTD (n = 3) who completed the smartphone standing/balance and finger tapping tests (FTT) twice in person. The second sample included 31 ALLFTD participants with a range of clinical presentations (healthy older adults [n = 11] , FTD [n = 5], MCI [n = 2] , unknown [n = 13]) who were asked to complete the balance test three times over two weeks at home. The primary outcomes were total taps for the FTT and root mean squared acceleration for the balance test. Test‐retest reliability was calculated using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC); given the small sample size, outliers (n = 6) were removed from the balance test. We tested the association of smartphone FTT with the gold standard mechanical FTT and the balance task with the CDR®+NACC‐FTLD‐SB (disease severity) using Spearman’s correlations. A Wilcoxon‐sign rank test compared participants with motor features on the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale (PSPRS 〉 0) to those without (PSPRS = 0). Result The smartphone FTT showed good test‐retest reliability (ICC = 0.78) and a strong correlation ( r = 0.8, p 〈 0.05) with mechanical FTT. The test‐retest reliability for the balance task was excellent for the remote sample (ICC = 0.97) and in‐person (ICC = 0.89) samples. In the remote sample, greater acceleration was correlated with higher CDR®+NACC‐FTLD‐SB ( r = 0.7, p = 0.003), and participants with motor features on the PSPRS had higher acceleration than those without ( W = 11, p = 0.04). Conclusion These findings provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the ALLFTD Mobile App tests of motor function. Replication in a larger sample is required.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v18.S7
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.069454
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 5
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    Baseline Reliability and Six‐Month Stability of a Remotely Administered Battery of Smartphone Cognitive Tests
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 18, No. S7 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S7 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a collection of neurodegenerative diseases affecting behavior, cognition, and motor functions. FTD treatment trials will benefit from sensitive assessments capable of detecting and longitudinally tracking cognitive changes. Remote smartphone cognitive tests may improve the sensitivity to detect and monitor cognitive decline via novel methods of data capture and more frequent assessments within ecologically valid environments, while simultaneously reducing patient burden. The first step in determining the utility of these measures is establishing their reliability. We previously reported baseline reliability estimates for the ALLFTD Mobile App cognitive tests in a small pilot sample. Here we extend these results using a larger sample and evaluate six‐month stability. Method We enrolled a diagnostically mixed sample of 128 participants (CDR®+NACC‐FTLD = 0 [n = 84]; CDR®+NACC‐FTLD = 0.5 [n = 21] ; CDR®+NACC‐FTLD≥1 [n = 23]) from ongoing studies of healthy aging (Hillblom Network) and frontotemporal dementia (ALLFTD). Participants self‐administered five cognitive tests from the ALLFTD Mobile App on their own smartphone; they were asked to complete each test three times within two weeks. Tests included gamified versions of N‐back, Stroop, Flanker, and Go/No‐Go paradigms, and an adaptive short‐term memory test. We evaluated the internal consistency of each test’s first occurrence using Spearman‐Brown split‐half reliability (100 simulations). Test‐retest reliability over the first three baseline replicates (as available) was evaluated by calculating intraclass correlations (ICC). In a preliminary analysis, we tested the six‐month stability of test performance in nine functionally intact participants who completed baseline and follow‐up Flanker, N‐Back, and adaptive memory assessments by calculating Spearman’s rho. Result Split‐half reliability estimates were in the good to excellent range (r’s: 0.81–0.97). Test‐retest reliability estimates were in the adequate to excellent range (ICCs: 0.72–0.96). ICC estimates were comparable for participants with and without clinical impairment (CDR®+NACC‐FTLD = 0 (0.74–0.95) and CDR®+NACC‐FTLD 〉 0 (0.67–0.95). Among functionally intact individuals, baseline and 6‐months scores were highly correlated (r’s: 0.76–0.93, p ’s 〈 .05). Conclusion Our findings of adequate to excellent internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and 6‐month stability support the feasibility of remote, smartphone‐based cognitive testing among a diagnostically mixed sample typical of healthy aging and frontotemporal dementia research studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v18.S7
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.068000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
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    White matter changes in empirically derived incident MCI subtypes in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2021-01)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2021-01)
    Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in empirically derived incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes. Methods We evaluated 188 participants with incident MCI in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA) identified as having one of four cluster‐derived subtypes: subtle cognitive impairment, amnestic, dysnomic, and dysexecutive. We used linear regression models to evaluate whole brain and regional WMH volumes. We examined fractional anisotropy (FA) on a subset of 63 participants with diffusion tensor imaging. Results Amnestic and dysexecutive subtypes had higher WMH volumes in differing patterns than cognitively unimpaired; the dysexecutive subtype had higher WMH than subtle cognitive impairment. There was widespread WM degeneration in long association and commissural fibers in the amnestic, dysnomic, and dysexecutive subtypes, and corpus callosum FA accounted for significant variability in global cognition. Discussion White matter changes likely contribute to cognitive symptoms in incident MCI.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2352-8729 , 2352-8729
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/dad2.v13.1
    DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12269
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2832898-X
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  • 7
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    Evidence against a temporal association between cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease imaging biomarkers
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Nature Communications Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2023-05-29)
    Details
    In: Nature Communications, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2023-05-29)
    Abstract: Whether a relationship exists between cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease has been a source of controversy. Evaluation of the temporal progression of imaging biomarkers of these disease processes may inform mechanistic associations. We investigate the relationship of disease trajectories of cerebrovascular disease (white matter hyperintensity, WMH, and fractional anisotropy, FA) and Alzheimer’s disease (amyloid and tau PET) biomarkers in 2406 Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and Mayo Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center participants using accelerated failure time models. The model assumes a common pattern of progression for each biomarker that is shifted earlier or later in time for each individual and represented by a per participant age adjustment. An individual’s amyloid and tau PET adjustments show very weak temporal association with WMH and FA adjustments (R = −0.07 to 0.07); early/late amyloid or tau timing explains 〈 1% of the variation in WMH and FA adjustment. Earlier onset of amyloid is associated with earlier onset of tau (R = 0.57, R 2  = 32%). These findings support a strong mechanistic relationship between amyloid and tau aggregation, but not between WMH or FA and amyloid or tau PET.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2041-1723
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38878-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2553671-0
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  • 8
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    Construct Validity of the ALLFTD Mobile App Cognitive Tests: Associations with Gold Standard Clinical Measures and Brain Volume
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 18, No. S7 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S7 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: Remote digital cognitive assessments validated for use in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and other neurodegenerative diseases would benefit clinical trials and clinical care. The ALLFTD Mobile App includes several smartphone‐based measures of cognition, and prior studies have provided preliminary support for their reliability. Here we evaluate their validity by testing associations with gold standard clinical outcomes and expected neural correlates. Method A diagnostically mixed sample of 92 participants (CDR®+NACC‐FTLD = 0 [n = 33]; CDR®+NACC‐FTLD = 0.5 [n = 15] ; CDR®+NACC‐FTLD≥1 [n = 16]; unknown [n = 28] ) were recruited from a UCSF healthy aging study (Hillblom Network) and a North American FTD study (ALLFTD). Participants were asked to remotely complete four ALLFTD Mobile App tests of executive functioning (EF) and a memory test on their smartphones. Gold standard clinical measures were also collected; outcomes were the UDSv3 EF composite, CVLT‐SF Total Immediate Recall (memory), and CDR®+NACC‐FTLD Box Score (disease severity). Volumetric brain MRI measurements were available for a subset (n = 37). Expected neural correlates were frontoparietal gray matter volume for EF tests and hippocampal volume for the memory test. Linear models were fitted to evaluate the association of app tests with the gold standard outcomes, controlling for education, sex, and total intracranial volume (imaging only). Result Smartphone EF measures were strongly and positively associated with the UDS3‐EF composite (ß’s = 0.6–0.8, all p 〈 .001). The memory test was strongly correlated with the CVLT‐SF (ß = 0.7, p 〈 .001). Tests were less strongly associated with divergent cognitive domains (e.g., associations with a visuospatial test were ß’s = 0.1–0.3). Worse performance on all tests was significantly associated with greater disease severity (ß’s = 0.5–0.7, all p 〈 .001). Worse app‐based EF scores were associated with lower frontoparietal volume (ß’s = 0.4–0.6, all p 〈 .015) and worse memory scores with lower hippocampal volume (ß = 0.5, p 〈 .001). Conclusion ALLFTD Mobile App scores were strongly associated with gold standard neuropsychological tests of the same cognitive domain (i.e., convergent validity) and less associated with measures of a different domain (i.e., divergent validity). Worse performance on the smartphone tests was associated with increasing disease severity and volume loss in expected brain regions. These results provide preliminary support for the construct validity of the ALLFTD Mobile App cognitive tests.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v18.S7
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.067687
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    Initial Reports of ALLFTD Participant Internet and Social Media Usage Survey
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 18, No. S8 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S8 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: The ARTFL LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ALLFTD) Study, is the unification of prior FTD research studies, ARTFL and LEFFTDS. ALLFTD aims to evaluate sporadic (s‐) and familial (f‐) frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) patients and asymptomatic family members of f‐FTLD patients, characterizing the cohorts longitudinally and informing clinical trial design. Method ALLFTD participants completed the ALLFTD‐specific, Internet and Social Media (ISM) Usage Survey. This survey was created to learn more about participants’ ISM habits. The survey asks participants to report on the frequency with which they use ISM for personal reasons and contains additional questions about reasons for use and general gaming and social media habits. Result In conjunction with their scheduled ALLFTD visit, 194 participants completed the ALLFTD ISM Usage Survey. Fifty one percent of participants identified as female. The mean age was 56.6 (SD 14.61), and the mean education level was 15.9 (SD 3.53). Most participants reported using ISM 1‐5 hours per day (56.7%). Participants also reported using ISM at less common frequencies: more than 5 hours per day (12.9%), less than 1 hour per day (13.9%), weekly (3.1%), 2‐3 times a week (2.1%), 2‐3 times a month (2.1%), and never (9.3%). “Moderate and Severely impaired” participants (CDR© + NACC FTLD 〉 = 2) reported using ISM less frequently than “mildly symptomatic” participants (CDR© + NACC FTLD = 1, p 〈 0.0001), and those who are “normal and questionably impaired” CDR© + NACC FTLD 〈 = 0.5, p 〈 0.0001). Those who are mildly symptomatic reported using ISM at a similar frequency to those who are normal or questionably impaired (p 〈 0.01). When reporting on personal use, most participants stated that they used the internet for email (45.5%), news (37.5%), social media (32.4%), and entertainment (33.5%). Additionally, most participants reported playing games (56.2%) and using social media (59.8%). Participants predominantly indicated that they use social media to connect with family and friends (90.5%). Comparison of ISM usage frequency to reported anxiety, agitation, or depression on the NPI‐Q found evidence of a difference in ISM usage frequency; directional comparison studies are forthcoming. Conclusion Frequency of ISM usage is consistent between ALLFTD participants. Additional analyses of ISM usage are forthcoming.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v18.S8
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.067727
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
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    The Neurofilament Surveillance Project (NSP): A biomarker study to sample blood quarterly in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 18, No. S5 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S5 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: In familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (f‐FTLD), plasma levels of neurofilament light (NfL) are elevated at least two years prior to symptom onset and predict future clinical status. The Neurofilament Surveillance Project (NSP), an actively recruiting observational study, seeks to obtain higher resolution data of temporal changes in plasma NfL to better understand its clinical utility in f‐FTLD interventional trials. The NSP is a pre‐competitive collaboration sponsored by the Bluefield Project to Cure FTD and funded by biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and nonprofit organizations. Method Participants must be members of families with disease‐causing mutations in C9orf72, MAPT or GRN and enrolled in the ALLFTD natural history study. Up to 335 participants, with roughly equal representation across mutation type, provide plasma quarterly for 3 years (4355 samples total) to enable the observation of peripheral NfL levels longitudinally during disease onset and progression. Plasma is collected by certified mobile research nurses during remote visits, and NfL is measured in batch at least every 6 months. NfL measurements from one plasma aliquot per draw will be correlated with annual assessments obtained in the ALLFTD study, including measures of disease severity (CDRÒ+NACC‐FTLD, CGI, etc.), cognitive function from the UDS Neuropsychology Battery, and volumetric MRI data. Additional plasma aliquots are reserved for future analyses of other biomarkers during the course of the study; another subset of aliquots is reserved to share with interested investigators after the study ends. Result As of 1/19/22, the NSP had enrolled 161 participants, including 62 from C9orf72 kindreds, 60 from MAPT kindreds, and 28 from GRN kindreds. One‐hundred forty‐five participants had completed their initial visit, and 109 had completed more than 3, and up to 5, quarterly blood draws. Enrollment and study visits are ongoing despite COVID‐related limitations. Conclusion The quarterly blood sampling from this study, combined with annual comprehensive clinical assessments through the ALLFTD natural history study, will enable a more detailed understanding of when and how NfL levels change during phenoconversion and/or disease progression in f‐FTLD mutation carriers. These data will be especially informative in the context of the targeted investigational therapeutics for f‐FTLD now entering clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v18.S5
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.064959
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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