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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sleep restriction and cognitive load affect performance on a simulated marksmanship task
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Sleep Research Vol. 28, No. 3 ( 2019-06)
    Details
    In: Journal of Sleep Research, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 3 ( 2019-06)
    Abstract: Sleep restriction degrades cognitive and motor performance, which can adversely impact job performance and increase the risk of accidents. Military personnel are prone to operating under sleep restriction, and previous work suggests that military marksmanship may be negatively affected under such conditions. Results of these studies, however, are mixed and have often incorporated additional stressors (e.g. energy restriction) beyond sleep restriction. Moreover, few studies have investigated how the degree of difficulty of a marksmanship task impacts performance following sleep restriction. The purpose of the current experiment was to study the effects of sleep restriction on marksmanship while minimizing the potential influence of other forms of stress. A friend–foe discrimination challenge with greater or lesser degrees of complexity (high versus low load) was used as the primary marksmanship task. Active duty Soldiers were recruited, and allowed 2 h of sleep every 24 h over a 72‐h testing period. Marksmanship tasks, cognitive assessment metrics and the NASA ‐Task Load Index were administered daily. Results indicated that reaction times to shoot foe targets and signal friendly targets slowed over time. In addition, the ability to correctly discriminate between friend and foe targets significantly decreased in the high‐cognitive‐load condition over time despite shot accuracy remaining stable. The NASA ‐Task Load Index revealed that, although marksmanship performance degraded, participants believed their performance did not change over time. These results further characterize the consequences of sleep restriction on marksmanship performance and the perception of performance, and reinforce the importance of adequate sleep among service members when feasible.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-1105 , 1365-2869
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.2019.28.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12637
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007459-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Symptoms during Load Carrying: Effects of Mass and Load Distribution during a 20-Km Road March
    SAGE Publications ; 1995
    In:  Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol. 81, No. 1 ( 1995-08), p. 331-338
    Details
    In: Perceptual and Motor Skills, SAGE Publications, Vol. 81, No. 1 ( 1995-08), p. 331-338
    Abstract: Soldiers must often carry heavy loads which can lead to symptoms of body soreness, aches, pains, and tiredness. This study assessed symptoms when soldiers carried loads in the standard U.S. Army ALICE pack (a single backpack) and in a prototype Double Pack (a two-pack system designed to alleviate symptoms by evenly distributing the load between a backpack and a frontpack). Each of 15 male soldiers completed a 20-km (12.4 mi) road march while carrying either 34, 48, or 61 kg (75, 105, or 135 lb) and while wearing either the ALICE pack or the Double Pack. Symptoms were assessed with the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire. Premarch symptoms included feeling alert, good, and wide awake. Postmarch symptoms included tiredness, muscle tightness, and soreness of the legs, feet, back, and shoulders. Analyses of eight symptom factors showed that (a) as load increased, fatigue and muscle discomfort intensified, and alertness and feelings of well-being diminished and (b) distress and heat-illness indices were most intense at 61 kg with the Double Pack.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-5125 , 1558-688X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2466/pms.1995.81.1.331
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1995
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066876-4
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
    SSG: 31
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Relation of Rifle Stock Length and Weight to Military Rifle Marksmanship Performance by Men and Women
    SAGE Publications ; 2001
    In:  Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2001-10), p. 479-485
    Details
    In: Perceptual and Motor Skills, SAGE Publications, Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2001-10), p. 479-485
    Abstract: 15 male and 13 female soldiers participated in a study to examine the effects of sex, rifle stock length (17.8 cm, 22.3 cm, and 26.2 cm), and rifle weight (3.2 kg vs 3.8 kg) on military marksmanship performance. The Noptel simulator was used to assess marksmanship accuracy (proximity of shots to the target center) and precision (proximity of shots to one another regardless of proximity to the target center). There were no significant differences in either measure of marksmanship performance as a function of sex. Marksmanship accuracy was significantly better with the shortest rifle stock, and marksmanship precision was significantly better with the lighter rifle. Regardless of the sex of the shooter, stock length and weapon weight should be considered in any new combat rifle design as these results indicate they significantly affect marksmanship.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-5125 , 1558-688X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2466/pms.2001.93.2.479
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066876-4
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
    SSG: 31
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Marksmanship during Simulated Sustained Operations
    SAGE Publications ; 2001
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 45, No. 18 ( 2001-10), p. 1382-1385
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 45, No. 18 ( 2001-10), p. 1382-1385
    Abstract: The individual warfighter is often required to work for long periods of time with little or no rest until the objective is reached. This study evaluated M16 rifle marksmanship performance during a simulated 3-day (72 hours) sustained operations scenario. Soldiers were kept busy with military tasks for 21-22 hours per day, and were administered standardized tests of M16 rifle marksmanship performance before, during, and at the end of the sustained operation. Results indicated that as sustained operations proceed from 0 to 3 days (0 to 72 hours), the task of firing an M16 rifle becomes more physically demanding and the shooter has to exert more effort in order to perform the task proficiently. Accompanying this increase in subjective workload is the finding that participants are able to maintain rifle marksmanship for rapidly appearing pop-up targets (some of which are moving) but that rifle marksmanship is impaired for stationary targets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/154193120104501814
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Psychological Mood Profiles of Army, Marine Corps, and Special Operations Forces Personnel
    SAGE Publications ; 1997
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 41, No. 1 ( 1997-10), p. 594-598
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 41, No. 1 ( 1997-10), p. 594-598
    Abstract: Elite male athletes have been portrayed as possessing positive mental health. On standardized measures of mood, they typically score below average on tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion while they score above average on vigor. This mood pattern has been labeled the “iceberg profile” because scores on unhealthful moods fall below the adult norm, while scores on the healthy mood, vigor, fall above the norm. The elite athlete's iceberg profile of moods is generally regarded as a result of physical training and competition. In this study, mood profiles of male military personnel were measured. U.S. Army soldiers and U.S. Marines both exhibited a flattened iceberg profile, scoring no higher than average on the positive mood vigor. In contrast, Special Operations Forces, who are noted for adherence to very demanding exercise routines, exhibited the iceberg profile typical of the elite male athlete: they had a higher than normal vigor score and lower than normal tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion scores.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1071181397041001131
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Caffeine and Gender on Vigilance and Marksmanship
    SAGE Publications ; 1996
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 40, No. 23 ( 1996-10), p. 1217-1221
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 40, No. 23 ( 1996-10), p. 1217-1221
    Abstract: Sentry duty performance requires both rifle marksmanship accuracy and sufficient attention to detect the infrequent appearance of targets. Research has shown that marksmanship accuracy is in part a function of arm-hand steadiness, that arm-hand steadiness may be better in women than men, and that in men 200 mg caffeine heightens alertness and attenuates vigilance decrements. Study objectives were: (a) evaluate gender differences in speed of target detection and rifle firing accuracy during three hours of simulated sentry duty, and (b) determine if 200 mg caffeine enhances sentry duty performance in women as it has been shown to do in men. Twelve men and 12 women were pre-trained on the Weaponeer M16 Rifle Marksmanship Simulator. During 3-hour test sessions, the participant monitored the target scene of the Weaponeer and fired at targets when they appeared. For both men and women, target detection response time deteriorated with time on sentry duty and vigilance decrements were attenuated by 200 mg caffeine. For men, marksmanship accuracy was constant over time; for women, marksmanship accuracy deteriorated after 1.5 hours.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/154193129604002315
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hydration effects on cognitive performance during military tasks in temperate and cold environments
    Elsevier BV ; 2008
    In:  Physiology & Behavior Vol. 93, No. 4-5 ( 2008-3), p. 748-756
    Details
    In: Physiology & Behavior, Elsevier BV, Vol. 93, No. 4-5 ( 2008-3), p. 748-756
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-9384
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.028
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008755-X
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Marksmanship Deficits Caused by an Exhaustive Whole-Body Lifting Task With and Without Torso-Borne Loads
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 26, No. Supplement 2 ( 2012-07), p. S30-S36
    Details
    In: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 26, No. Supplement 2 ( 2012-07), p. S30-S36
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1064-8011
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825cedfa
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2142889-X
    SSG: 31
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Performance During a 3-Hour Simulated Sentry Duty Task Under Varied Work Rates and Secondary Task Demands
    Informa UK Limited ; 2007
    In:  Military Psychology Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2007-04-19), p. 103-117
    Details
    In: Military Psychology, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2007-04-19), p. 103-117
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-5605 , 1532-7876
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/08995600701323392
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021130-2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of the Periodic Administration of Odor or Vibration on a 3-hr. Vigilance Task
    SAGE Publications ; 2004
    In:  Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol. 98, No. 1 ( 2004-02), p. 307-318
    Details
    In: Perceptual and Motor Skills, SAGE Publications, Vol. 98, No. 1 ( 2004-02), p. 307-318
    Abstract: The present study examined performance during 3 hr. of simulated sentry duty with and without the intermittent administration of low-level sensory stimuli (odor or vibration). For odor and control conditions, target-detection latency increased steadily over the course of the 3-hr. session. Administration of a tactile stimulus reduced the increase in detection latency compared to that found in odor and control conditions. For all conditions, there were no significant differences in target-detection frequency, shot accuracy, or friend–foe discrimination. Across all conditions, restlessness (motor activity) increased significantly the first hour and remained elevated for the rest of the session. Subjective measures of workload (NASA-TLX) indicated that the 3-hr. task rated high on physical demand, mental demand, frustration, and overall workload. These findings suggest that the intermittent delivery of a clearly detectable tactile stimulus can reduce reaction-time decrements that occur as time on task increases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-5125 , 1558-688X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2466/pms.98.1.307-318
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066876-4
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
    SSG: 31
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