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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Observations of “Hysteresis” in Backscattered Ultraviolet Ozone Data
    American Meteorological Society ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Vol. 18, No. 6 ( 2001-06), p. 914-924
    Details
    In: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 6 ( 2001-06), p. 914-924
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0739-0572 , 1520-0426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018〈0914:OOHIBU〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Anomalously low ozone over the Arctic
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 24, No. 22 ( 1997-11-15), p. 2689-2692
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 24, No. 22 ( 1997-11-15), p. 2689-2692
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97GL52831
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Ozone Hole of 2002 as Measured by TOMS
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 62, No. 3 ( 2005-03-01), p. 716-720
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 62, No. 3 ( 2005-03-01), p. 716-720
    Abstract: Since its discovery in 1985, the ozone hole has been regularly mapped using the data from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments on several satellites. The current TOMS, on the Earth Probe satellite, has been taking measurements since 1996. The ozone hole first appeared during the 1980s. Since 1990, the hole has consistently developed during each Antarctic spring over a broad area with the minimum total ozone value reaching about 100 Dobson units (DU; 1 DU = 2.69 × 1016 molecules cm−2) in late September or early October. The year 2002 was markedly different from the past 12 years. A series of strong wave events weakened the South Polar vortex. In late September, a major stratospheric warming took place, reversing the direction of the polar flow and the latitudinal temperature gradient. This warming resulted in a division of the ozone hole into two pieces, one that migrated to lower latitudes and disappeared and one that reformed over the Pole in a weakened form. The development of this year’s unusual ozone hole is shown here and is contrasted to a climatology of the years since 1990. Minimum daily values of total ozone barely reached 150 DU in contrast to values nearer to 100. The area of the ozone hole briefly reached 18 × 106 km2, then dropped rapidly to only 2 × 106 km2, and finally recovered to about 8 × 106 km2 before disappearing in early November. The positive anomaly compared with the last 12 yr near the Pole was accompanied by a smaller negative anomaly north of 45°S.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0469 , 0022-4928
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS-3338.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 4
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    Estimating uncertainties in the SBUV Version 8.6 merged profile ozone data set
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 17, No. 23 ( 2017-12-11), p. 14695-14707
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 17, No. 23 ( 2017-12-11), p. 14695-14707
    Abstract: Abstract. The combined record of total and profile ozone measurements from the solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) and SBUV/2 series of instruments, known as the SBUV Merged Ozone Data (MOD) product, constitutes the longest satellite-based ozone time series from a single instrument type and as such plays a key role in ozone trend analyses.Following the approach documented in Frith et al. (2014) to analyze the merging uncertainties in the MOD total ozone record, we use Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the potential for uncertainties in the calibration and drift of individual instruments in the profile ozone merged data set. We focus our discussion on the trends and associated merging uncertainty since 2001 in an effort to verify the start of ozone recovery as predicted by chemistry climate models. We find that merging uncertainty dominates the overall estimated uncertainty when considering only the 15 years of data since 2001. We derive trends versus pressure level for the MOD data set that are positive in the upper stratosphere as expected for ozone recovery. These trends appear to be significant when only statistical uncertainties are included but become not significant at the 2σ level when instrument uncertainties are accounted for. However, when we use the entire data set from 1979 through 2015 and fit to the EESC (equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine) we find statistically significant fits throughout the upper stratosphere at all latitudes. This implies that the ozone profile data remain consistent with our expectation that chlorine is the dominant ozone forcing term.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-14695-2017
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 5
    Online Resource
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    Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional model simulations, measurements, and interpretation of the influence of the October 1989 solar proton events on the middle atmosphere
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 100, No. D6 ( 1995-06-20), p. 11641-11660
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 100, No. D6 ( 1995-06-20), p. 11641-11660
    Abstract: The very large solar proton events (SPEs) which occurred from October 19 to 27, 1989, earned substantial middle‐atmospheric HO x and NO x constituent increases. Although no measurements of HO x increases were made during these SPEs, increases in NO were observed by rocket instruments which are in good agreement with calculated NO increases from our proton energy degradation code. Both the HO x and the NO x increases can cause ozone decreases; however, the HO x ‐induced ozone changes are relatively short‐lived because HO x species have lifetimes of only hours in the middle atmosphere. Our two‐dimensional model, when used to simulate effects of the longer‐lived NO x , predicted lower‐stratospheric polar ozone decreases of greater than 2% persisting for one and a half years past these SPEs. Previous three‐dimensional model simulations of these SPEs (Jackman et al., 1993) indicated the importance of properly representing the polar vortices and warming events when accounting for the ozone decreases observed by the solar backscattered ultraviolet 2 instrument two months past these atmospheric perturbations. In an expansion of that study, we found that it was necessary to simulate the November 1, 1989, to April 2, 1990, time period and the November 1, 1986, to April 2, 1987, time period with our three‐dimensional model in order to more directly compare to the stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment (SAGE) II observations of lower stratospheric NO 2 and ozone changes between the end of March 1987 and 1990 at 70°N. Both the NO x increases from the October 1989 SPEs and the larger downward transport in the 1989–1990 northern winter compared to the 1986–1987 northern winter contributed to the large enhancements in NO 2 in the lower stratosphere observed in the SAGE II measurements at the end of March 1990. Our three‐dimensional model simulations predict smaller ozone decreases than those observed by SAGE II in the lower stratosphere near the end of March 1990, indicating that other factors, such as heterogeneous chemistry, might also be influencing the constituents of this region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD00369
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rotational Raman scattering (Ring effect) in satellite backscatter ultraviolet measurements
    Optica Publishing Group ; 1995
    In:  Applied Optics Vol. 34, No. 21 ( 1995-07-20), p. 4513-
    Details
    In: Applied Optics, Optica Publishing Group, Vol. 34, No. 21 ( 1995-07-20), p. 4513-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-6935 , 1539-4522
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1364/AO.34.004513
    Language: English
    Publisher: Optica Publishing Group
    Publication Date: 1995
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of solar proton events on the middle atmosphere during the past two solar cycles as computed using a two‐dimensional model
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 95, No. D6 ( 1990-05-20), p. 7417-7428
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 95, No. D6 ( 1990-05-20), p. 7417-7428
    Abstract: Daily average solar proton flux data for the years 1963–1984 (two solar cycles) have been used in a proton energy degradation scheme to derive ion pair production rates and, subsequently, HO x (H, OH, HO 2 ) and NO x (N, NO, NO 2 ) production rates. These HO x and NO x production rates are computed in a form suitable for inclusion in an atmospheric two‐dimensional time‐dependent photochemical model. The HO x increases, although large for certain solar proton events (SPEs), are relatively short‐lived because the HO x species have lifetimes of only hours in the middle atmosphere. For longer‐lived NO x species, increases are important for 2–4 months past the more intense SPEs but are generally negligible 6 months after the SPE. The only exception to this scenario was the gigantic August 1972 SPE, whose stratospheric effects lasted about a year past the event. Comparisons of model results with the ozone data from the Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) instrument indicate relatively good agreement in the time dependence and magnitude of the ozone depletion for the middle stratosphere between the model and measurements for the August 1972 SPE and for 2 months past the event. The model predictions for the August 1972 SPE indicate at most a 1% decrease in total ozone at the highest latitudes with a significant interhemispheric difference. The model predicts a larger middle latitude stratospheric ozone change in the southern than the northern hemisphere caused by the difference in seasons between the two hemispheres. The computed ozone decreases associated with the HO x and NO x increases are substantial in the upper stratosphere at high latitudes for only a few SPEs in the 22 years studied. A mechanism is presented for transport of NO y from the stratosphere to the ground, which may be involved in the enhancements in nitrate fluxes noticed in Antarctic deposition data. Our computations, however, indicate that the SPE contributions to these nitrate fluxes (even for the August 1972 SPE) are probably small.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JD095iD06p07417
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Total Ozone trends deduced from Nimbus 7 Toms data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1991
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 18, No. 6 ( 1991-06), p. 1015-1018
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 18, No. 6 ( 1991-06), p. 1015-1018
    Abstract: The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on the Nimbus 7 satellite has been measuring the total column amount of ozone over the globe for more than 11 years. Recent improvements in the data analysis have led to a technique for determining and removing drift in the calibration such that the data at the end of the record are precise to ±1.3% (2σ) relative to the data at the beginning of the record. A statistical model, including terms for seasonal variation, linear trend, quasi‐biennial oscillation, solar cycle and second‐order autoregressive noise has been fit to the TOMS time series of total ozone data. The linear trend obtained when this statistical model is fit to the TOMS data averaged between 65N and 65S latitudes is −0.26±0.14%/year or −3% over the 11.6 year time period from November, 1978 through May, 1990. The trend is near zero (0.0002±0.2 %/year) at the equator and increases towards both poles. At 50N the annually averaged trend is −0.5±.21%/year. The 50N trend over the 11.6 year time period shows a strong seasonal variation from more than −0.8%/year in winter and early spring (February and March) to about −0.2%/year in summer (July and August).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/91GL01302
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1991
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    the 1989 Antarctic Ozone Hole as observed by TOMS
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 17, No. 9 ( 1990-08), p. 1267-1270
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 17, No. 9 ( 1990-08), p. 1267-1270
    Abstract: In 1989 the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite observed the springtime decrease in Antarctic total ozone for the 11th consecutive year. The 1989 minimum values of total ozone measured by TOMS declined throughout the month of September at a rate nearly identical to 1987. The National Meteorological Center analysis of lower stratospheric temperatures in August and September 1989 also showed conditions similar to those observed in 1987. A minimum in total ozone of 111 DU was reached on October 7, 1989. Within uncertainties this is the same as the previously observed minimum on October 5, 1987. The area of the ozone hole as defined by the 220 DU contour grew rapidly during early September. It reached a mid‐September peak of 7.5% of the southern hemisphere or 19 million square kilometers, essentially the same as observed in 1987. From mid October through November 1989, minimum polar total ozone values increased and the area within the 220 DU contour decreased more rapidly than during the comparable period of 1987. The more rapid erosion of the 1989 ozone hole resulted from strong wave number one perturbations of the vortex dynamics in late October.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL017i009p01267
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
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  • 10
    Online Resource
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    The effects of the October 1989 solar proton events on the stratosphere as computed using a three‐dimensional model
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1993
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 20, No. 6 ( 1993-03-19), p. 459-462
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 20, No. 6 ( 1993-03-19), p. 459-462
    Abstract: Very large solar proton events (SPEs) occurred from October 19–27, 1989. These SPEs are predicted to produce short‐lived increases in HO x and long‐lived increases in NO x species, which both can lead to ozone destruction. December 1989 SBUV/2 measurements of upper stratospheric ozone show substantially more ozone depletion in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere even though the amount of HO x and NO x produced in both hemispheres should be similar from these SPEs. Our two‐dimensional (2D) model simulations predict only a modest interhemispheric difference in the ozone depletion in December caused by the October 1989 SPEs. In an attempt to better understand the interhemispheric difference in the observed ozone depletion, we have used the GSFC three‐dimensional (3D) chemistry and transport model to simulate the distribution of NO x and ozone after the SPEs. Our 3D model computations of ozone and NO x behavior for two months after the October 1989 SPEs indicate differences in the constituent behavior in the two hemispheres during the October–November–December 1989 time period which are qualitatively consistent with SBUV/2 ozone observations. These differences are caused by: 1) Substantial mixing of perturbed air in the Southern Hemisphere from the polar region with unperturbed lower latitude air during the November final warming; and 2) Significant confinement of the photochemically perturbed air in the Northern Hemisphere in the winter‐time polar vortex.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/93GL00205
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1993
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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