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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Acoustic radiation from the head of echolocating harbor porpoises( Phocoena phocoena )
    The Company of Biologists ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 209, No. 14 ( 2006-07-15), p. 2726-2733
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 209, No. 14 ( 2006-07-15), p. 2726-2733
    Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate the sound pressure patterns on the melon of odontocetes by using four broadband hydrophones embedded in suction cups to measure echolocation signals on the surface of the forehead of two harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). It has long been hypothesized that the special lipids found in the melon of odontocetes, and not in any other mammals, focus sounds produced in the nasal region that then propagate through the melon, producing a beam that is directional in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The results of our measurements supported the melon-focusing hypothesis, with the maximum click amplitude, representing the axis of the echolocation beam, located approximately 5.6-6.1 cm from the edge of the animal's upper lip along the midline of the melon. The focusing is not sharp but is sufficient to produce a transmission beam of about 16°. Click amplitude dropped off rapidly at locations away from the location of site of maximum amplitude. Based on comparisons of forehead anatomy from similar sized porpoises, the beam axis coincided with a pathway extending from the phonic lips through the axis of the low-density/low sound velocity lipid core of the melon. The significant interaction between click number and hydrophone position suggests that the echolocation signals can take slightly different pathways through the melon, probably as a result of how the signals are launched by the production mechanism and the position of the acoustically reflective air sacs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02306
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Alarm call modification by prairie dogs in the presence of juveniles
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Ethology Vol. 37, No. 2 ( 2019-5), p. 167-174
    Details
    In: Journal of Ethology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 37, No. 2 ( 2019-5), p. 167-174
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0289-0771 , 1439-5444
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10164-018-0582-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020048-1
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Correction to: Alarm call modification by prairie dogs in the presence of juveniles
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Ethology Vol. 38, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 129-129
    Details
    In: Journal of Ethology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 38, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 129-129
    Abstract: The article Alarm call modification by prairie dogs in the presence of juveniles
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0289-0771 , 1439-5444
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10164-019-00631-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020048-1
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  • 4
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    Cuvier's beaked whale ( Ziphius cavirostris ) head tissues:physical properties and CT imaging
    The Company of Biologists ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 208, No. 12 ( 2005-06-15), p. 2319-2332
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 208, No. 12 ( 2005-06-15), p. 2319-2332
    Abstract: Tissue physical properties from a Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) neonate head are reported and compared with computed tomography (CT) X-ray imaging. Physical properties measured include longitudinal sound velocity, density, elastic modulus and hysteresis. Tissues were classified by type as follows: mandibular acoustic fat, mandibular blubber, forehead acoustic fat (melon), forehead blubber, muscle and connective tissue. Results show that each class of tissues has unique,co-varying physical properties. The mandibular acoustic fats had minimal values for sound speed (1350±10.6 m s–1) and mass density (890±23 kg m–3). These values increased through mandibular blubber (1376±13 m s–1,919±13 kg m–3), melon (1382±23 m s–1, 937±17 kg m–3), forehead blubber(1401±7.8 m s–1, 935±25 kg m–3) and muscle (1517±46.8 m s–1,993±58 kg m–3). Connective tissue had the greatest mean sound speed and density (1628±48.7 m s–1,1087±41 kg m–3). The melon formed a low-density,low-sound-speed core, supporting its function as a sound focusing organ. Hounsfield unit (HU) values from CT X-ray imaging are correlated with density and sound speed values, allowing HU values to be used to predict these physical properties. Blubber and connective tissues have a higher elastic modulus than acoustic fats and melon, suggesting more collagen structure in blubber and connective tissues. Blubber tissue elastic modulus is nonlinear with varying stress, becoming more incompressible as stress is increased. These data provide important physical properties required to construct models of the sound generation and reception mechanisms in Ziphius cavirostris heads, as well as models of their interaction with anthropogenic sound.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01624
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
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  • 5
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    Table_1.docx
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 8 ( 2021-11-17)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 8 ( 2021-11-17)
    Abstract: Chronic low-frequency noise from commercial shipping is a worldwide threat to marine animals that rely on sound for essential life functions. Although the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recognizes the potential negative impacts of shipping noise in marine environments, there are currently no standard metrics to monitor and quantify shipping noise in U.S. marine waters. However, one-third octave band acoustic measurements centered at 63 and 125 Hz are used as international (European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive) indicators for underwater ambient noise levels driven by shipping activity. We apply these metrics to passive acoustic monitoring data collected over 20 months in 2016–2017 at five dispersed sites throughout the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone: Alaskan Arctic, Hawaii, Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument (Northwest Atlantic), and Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (Northeast Pacific). To verify the relationship between shipping activity and underwater sound levels, vessel movement data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) were paired to each passive acoustic monitoring site. Daily average sound levels were consistently near to or higher than 100 dB re 1 μPa in both the 63 and 125 Hz one-third octave bands at sites with high levels of shipping traffic (Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Canyons and Seamounts, and Cordell Bank). Where cargo vessels were less common (the Arctic and Hawaii), daily average sound levels were comparatively lower. Specifically, sound levels were ∼20 dB lower year-round in Hawaii and ∼10-20 dB lower in the Alaskan Arctic, depending on the season. Although these band-level measurements can only generally facilitate differentiation of sound sources, these results demonstrate that international acoustic indicators of commercial shipping can be applied to data collected in U.S. waters as a unified metric to approximate the influence of shipping as a driver of ambient noise levels, provide critical information to managers and policy makers about the status of marine environments, and to identify places and times for more detailed investigation regarding environmental impacts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.669528
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.669528.s001
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.669528.s002
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757748-X
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Anthropogenic noise events perturb acoustic communication networks
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2023
    In:  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 11 ( 2023-4-12)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 11 ( 2023-4-12)
    Abstract: Anthropogenic noise sources impact ecological processes by altering wildlife behavior and interactions with cascading impacts on community structure. The distribution and magnitude of such noise has grown exponentially over the past century, and now inundates even remote areas. Here we investigate biological responses to prolific, anthropogenic noise sources associated with the physical presence of the source (vehicle noise and human voices) and disconnected from it (aircraft overflight). Bioacoustic responses to these noise sources were documented at 103 sites in 40 U. S. National Park units. The presence of bird sounds was noted in 10-s audio samples every 2 min, for 8 days at each site and related to the presence of human voices, vehicle noise, and aircraft noise in the same and preceding samples. Generalized additive models were used to fit smoothing splines to weight the influence of noise in past samples on the probability of detecting bird sounds in the present sample. We found that the probability of hearing birds increased immediately following noise events, and decreased about 2 h after the event. The negative effects were persistent more than 3 h after a noise event. The persistence of these responses – especially for noise from jets that were many kilometers distant – raises questions about the functional significance and ecological consequences of this altered activity, particularly in light of the widespread and diverse habitats in this study and ubiquity of the noise sources evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-701X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1149097
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2745634-1
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  • 7
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    Acoustic signature reveals blue whales tune life‐history transitions to oceanographic conditions
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Functional Ecology Vol. 36, No. 4 ( 2022-04), p. 882-895
    Details
    In: Functional Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 36, No. 4 ( 2022-04), p. 882-895
    Abstract: Matching the timing of life‐history transitions with ecosystem phenology is critical for the survival of many species, especially those undertaking long‐distance migrations. As a result, whether and how migratory populations adjust timing of life‐history transitions in response to environmental variability are important questions in ecology and conservation. Yet the flexibility and drivers of life‐history transitions remain largely untested for migratory marine populations, which contend with the unique spatiotemporal dynamics and sensory conditions found in marine ecosystems. Here, using an acoustic signature of blue whales’ regional population‐level transition from foraging to breeding migration, we document significant interannual flexibility in the timing of this life‐history transition (spanning roughly 4 months) over a continuous 6‐year study period. We further show that variability in the timing of this transition follows the oceanographic phenology of blue whales’ foraging habitat, with a later transition from foraging to breeding migration occurring in years with an earlier onset, later peak and greater accumulation of biological productivity. These findings indicate that blue whales delay the transition from foraging to southward migration in years of the highest and most persistent biological productivity, consistent with the hypothesis that this population maximizes energy intake on foraging grounds rather than departing towards breeding grounds as soon as sufficient energy reserves are accumulated. The use of flexible cues (e.g. foraging conditions and long‐distance acoustic signals) in timing a major life‐history transition may be key to the persistence of this endangered population facing the pressures of rapid environmental change. Furthermore, these results extend theoretical understanding of the flexibility and drivers of population‐level migration to a relatively solitary marine migrant. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0269-8463 , 1365-2435
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/fec.v36.4
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14013
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020307-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 619313-4
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  • 8
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    Vocal characteristics of prairie dog alarm calls across an urban noise gradient
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  Behavioral Ecology Vol. 31, No. 2 ( 2020-03-20), p. 393-400
    Details
    In: Behavioral Ecology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 31, No. 2 ( 2020-03-20), p. 393-400
    Abstract: Increasing anthropogenic noise is having a global impact on wildlife, particularly due to the masking of crucial acoustical communication. However, there have been few studies examining the impacts of noise exposure on communication in free-ranging terrestrial mammals. We studied alarm calls of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) across an urban gradient to explore vocal adjustment relative to different levels of noise exposure. There was no change in the frequency 5%, peak frequency, or duration of the alarm calls across the noise gradient. However, the minimum frequency—a commonly used, yet potentially compromised metric—did indeed show a positive relationship with noise exposure. We suspect this is a result of masking of observable call properties by noise, rather than behavioral adjustment. In addition, the proximity of conspecifics and the distance to the perceived threat (observer) did affect the frequency 5% of alarm calls. These results reveal that prairie dogs do not appear to be adjusting their alarm calls in noisy environments but likely do in relation to their social context and the proximity of a predatory threat. Anthropogenic noise can elicit a range of behavioral and physiological responses across taxa, but elucidating the specific mechanisms driving these responses can be challenging, particularly as these are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Our research sheds light on how prairie dogs appear to respond to noise as a source of increased risk, rather than as a distraction or through acoustical masking as shown in other commonly studied species (e.g., fish, songbirds, marine mammals).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1045-2249 , 1465-7279
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz200
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496189-1
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  • 9
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    The relationship between anthropogenic light and noise in U.S. national parks
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Landscape Ecology Vol. 35, No. 6 ( 2020-06), p. 1371-1384
    Details
    In: Landscape Ecology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 35, No. 6 ( 2020-06), p. 1371-1384
    Abstract: Natural sound and light regulate fundamental biological processes and are central to visitor experience in protected areas. As such, anthropogenic light and noise have negative effects on both wildlife and humans. While prior studies have examined the distribution and levels of light or noise, joint analyses are rarely undertaken despite their potentially cumulative effects. Objectives We examine the relationship between different types of anthropogenic light and noise conditions and what factors drive correlation, co-occurrences, and divergence between them. Methods We overlaid existing geospatial models of anthropogenic light and noise with landscape predictors in national parks across the continental U.S. Results Overlapping dark and quiet were the most common conditions (82.5–87.1% of park area), representing important refuges for wildlife and human experience. We found low correlation between anthropogenic light and noise (Spearman’s R  〈  0.25), with the exception of parks with a higher density of roads. Park land within urban areas had the highest probability of co-occurring high light and noise exposure, while park areas with divergent light and noise exposure (e.g., high light and low noise) were most commonly found 5–20 km from urban areas and in parks with roads present. Conclusions These analyses demonstrate that light and noise exposure are not always correlated in national parks, which was unexpected because human activities tend to produce both simultaneously. As such, mitigation efforts for anthropogenic light and noise will require efforts targeting site-specific sources of noise and light. Protecting and restoring sensory environments will involve constructive partnerships capable of reconciling diverse community interests.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0921-2973 , 1572-9761
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10980-020-01020-w
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016200-5
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  • 10
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    Anatomic Geometry of Sound Transmission and Reception in Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
    Wiley ; 2008
    In:  The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Vol. 291, No. 4 ( 2008-04), p. 353-378
    Details
    In: The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, Wiley, Vol. 291, No. 4 ( 2008-04), p. 353-378
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-8486 , 1932-8494
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.v291:4
    DOI: 10.1002/(ISSN)1932-8494
    DOI: 10.1002/ar.20652
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2273240-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2109216-3
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