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  • 1
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 97, No. C11 ( 1992-11-15), p. 17961-17962
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1992
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2008
    In:  Asia Europe Journal Vol. 6, No. 2 ( 2008-6), p. 277-292
    In: Asia Europe Journal, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 6, No. 2 ( 2008-6), p. 277-292
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1610-2932 , 1612-1031
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 3
    In: Annales Geophysicae, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2003-01-31), p. 21-32
    Abstract: Abstract. During the period 1998–2000, the Mediterranean Forecasting System Pilot Project, aiming to build a forecasting system for the physical state of the sea, has been carried out. A ship-of-opportunity programme sampled the Mediterranean upper ocean thermal structure by means of eXpendable Bathy-Thermographs (XBTs), along seven tracks, from September 1999 to May 2000. The tracks were designed to detect some of the main circulation features, such as the stream of surface Atlantic water flowing from the Alboran Sea to the Eastern Levantine Basin. The cyclonic gyres in the Liguro-Provenal Basin, the southern Adriatic and Ionian Seas and the anticyclonic gyres in the Levantine Basin were also features to be detected. The monitoring system confirmed a long-term persistence of structures (at least during the entire observing period), which were previously thought to be transient features. In particular, in the Levantine Basin anticyclonic Shikmona and Ierapetra Gyres have been observed during the monitoring period. In order to identify the major changes in the thermal structures and the dynamical implications, the XBT data are compared with historical measurements collected in the 1980s and 1990s. The results indicate that some thermal features are being restored to the situation that existed in the 1980s, after the changes induced by the so-called "Eastern Mediterranean Transient". Key words. Oceanography: physical (eddies and mesoscale processes; general circulation; instruments and techniques)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1432-0576
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 4
    In: Journal of Operational Oceanography, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2010-01-01), p. 27-35
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1755-876X , 1755-8778
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 5
    In: Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 82, No. 43 ( 2001-10-23), p. 497-504
    Abstract: The Mediterranean Sea, bordered by many North African countries and opening eastward to the Black Sea, is a strategic area for Europe. Its coast is one of the most heavily populated regions of the world. A large part of a coastal nation's gross national product is produced through fishing, transportation, recreation, and other industries that depend on a healthy marine coastal environment. The risk of an incident likely to release harmful substances and cause massive pollution is considered high, as the Mediterranean is a major route for merchant vessels and the transport of oil and gas. Due to this risk, Mediterranean coastal countries need to organize and prepare for accidental marine pollution. Such permanent efforts have to be made at national, regional, and European levels. The management of this culturally diverse area presents a challenge.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0096-3941 , 2324-9250
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 6
    In: Ocean Science, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 3, No. 2 ( 2007-05-23), p. 245-258
    Abstract: Abstract. The Ships Of Opportunity Program in the Mediterranean Sea was established at the end of 1999, in the framework of the Mediterranean Forecasting System – Pilot Project (MFS-PP). Many improvements have been made in data collection, transmission and management. Calibration of selected XBTs and a comparison of XBTs vs. CTDs during some research cruises have assured the quality of the data. Transmission now allows receiving data in full resolution by using GSM or satellite telecommunication services; management is offering access to high quality data and view services. The effects of technological and methodological improvements in the observing system are assessed in terms of capability to represent the most important circulation features. The improved methodologies have been tested during the Mediterranean Forecasting System – Toward Environmental Prediction (MFS-TEP) – Targeted Operational Period (MFS-TOP), lasting from September 2004 to February 2005. In spite of the short period of measurements, several important aspects of the Mediterranean Sea circulation have been verified, such as eddies and gyres in the various sub-basins, and dense water formation processes in some of them (vertical homogeneous profiles of about 13°C down to ~800 m in the Provençal, and of about 14.9°C down to ~300 m in the Levantine have allowed defining an index of dense water formation).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1812-0792
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 95, No. C2 ( 1990-02-15), p. 1515-1522
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 95, No. C2 ( 1990-02-15), p. 1515-1522
    Abstract: Surface and intermediate waters enter the Ligurian Sea from the Tyrrhenian and Algero‐Provencal basins via northward flows along the east and west coasts of Corsica. The temporal variability of these flows is examined by means of a 1‐year time series of current data (October 1986 to September 1987) and hydrographic data from December, March, and May cruises. The flow through the Corsica Channel increases suddenly during December and then gradually decreases after March, reaching its lowest values in late summer. The seasonal variability in the channel seems associated mainly with the steric sea level differences between the Tyrrhenian Sea and Ligurian Sea. The West Corsican Current appears more stable throughout the one year of data. The two flows converge just north of Corsica into the Ligurian Current. Because of the water‐masses differences between the two currents, in the area of convergence considerable smaller‐scaled structure is observed. During winter, the less dense Tyrrhenian water provides available potential energy to the Ligurian shelf area and thereby helps sustain the large‐scale cyclonic circulation in the Ligurian basin. During the other seasons the spatial structures over the Ligurian shelf are less organized and the spatial scale of the flow is a few tens of kilometers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2003
    In:  Annales Geophysicae Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2003-01-31), p. 123-135
    In: Annales Geophysicae, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2003-01-31), p. 123-135
    Abstract: Abstract. From September 1999 to December 2000, eXpendable Bathy-Thermograph (XBT) profiles were collected along the Genova-Palermo shipping route in the framework of the Mediterranean Forecasting System Pilot Project (MFSPP). The route is virtually coincident with track 0044 of the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimeter, crossing the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian basins in an approximate N–S direction. This allows a direct comparison between XBT and altimetry, whose findings are presented in this paper. XBT sections reveal the presence of the major features of the regional circulation, namely the eastern boundary of the Ligurian gyre, the Bonifacio gyre and the Modified Atlantic Water inflow along the Sicily coast. Twenty-two comparisons of steric heights derived from the XBT data set with concurrent realizations of single-pass altimetric heights are made. The overall correlation is around 0.55 with an RMS difference of less than 3 cm. In the Tyrrhenian Sea the spectra are remarkably similar in shape, but in general the altimetric heights contain more energy. This difference is explained in terms of oceanographic signals, which are captured with a different intensity by the satellite altimeter and XBTs, as well as computational errors. On scales larger than 100 km, the data sets are also significantly coherent, with increasing coherence values at longer wavelengths. The XBTs were dropped every 18–20 km along the track: as a consequence, the spacing scale was unable to resolve adequately the internal radius of deformation (〈 20 km). Furthermore, few XBT drops were carried out in the Ligurian Sea, due to the limited north-south extent of this basin, so the comparison is problematic there. On the contrary, the major features observed in the XBT data in the Tyrrhenian Sea are also detected by TOPEX/Poseidon. The manuscript is completed by a discussion on how to integrate the two data sets, in order to extract additional information. In particular, the results emphasize their complementariety in providing a dynamically complete description of the observed structures. Key words. Oceanography: general (descriptive and regional oceanography) Oceanography: physical (sea level variations; instruments and techniques)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1432-0576
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2007
    In:  Ocean Science Vol. 3, No. 2 ( 2007-04-03), p. 173-178
    In: Ocean Science, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 3, No. 2 ( 2007-04-03), p. 173-178
    Abstract: Abstract. A main goal of a Ship Of Opportunity Programme (SOOP) is the provision of temperature profiles in near real time. The use of commercial ships and expandable probes allows the reduction of costs, in comparison with research ship cruises. A major cost effectiveness is achieved using an automated multiple launcher, requiring minimum personnel effort. A multiple launcher, developed in the framework of the Mediterranean Forecasting System – Toward Environmental Prediction Project (MFSTEP), allows for a sequential collection of eight temperature profiles, using a software-programmable sampling strategy. The data acquisition system can be remotely controlled in every functionality, and data can be transmitted by GSM-GPRS or satellite telephone systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1812-0792
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2007
    In:  Ocean Science Vol. 3, No. 2 ( 2007-06-04), p. 311-320
    In: Ocean Science, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 3, No. 2 ( 2007-06-04), p. 311-320
    Abstract: Abstract. Physical and biological processes of the marine ecosystem have a high spatial and temporal variability, whose study is possible only through high resolution and synoptic observations. The Temperature and Fluorescence Launchable Probe was charted in order to answer to the claim of a cost effective temperature and fluorescence expendable profiler, to be used in ships of opportunity. The development of the expendable fluorometer has followed similar concepts of the XBT (a wire conducting the signal to a computer card), but differently from the latter it was developed with an electronic system which can be improved and adapted to several variables measure channels. To reach the aim of a low-cost probe, were utilized commercial components: a glass bulb temperature resistor for the temperature measurement, blue LEDs, a photodiode and available selective glass filters, for the fluorescence measurement. The measurement principle employed to detect phytoplankton's biomass is the active fluorescence. This method is an in vivo chlorophyll estimation, that can get the immediate biophysical reaction of phytoplankton inside the aquatic environment; it is a non-disruptive method which gives real time estimation and avoids the implicit errors due to the manipulation of samples. The possibility of using a continuous profiling probe, with an active fluorescence measurement, is very important in real time phytoplankton's study; it is the best way to follow the variability of sea productivity. In fact, because of the high time and space variability of phytoplankton, due to its capability to answer in a relatively short time to ecological variations in its environment and because of its characteristic patchiness, there isn't a precise quantitative estimation of the biomass present in the Mediterranean Sea.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1812-0792
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2007
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