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  • 1
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    Functional attributes change but functional richness is unchanged after fragmentation of Brazilian Atlantic forests
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 102, No. 2 ( 2014-03), p. 475-485
    Details
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 102, No. 2 ( 2014-03), p. 475-485
    Abstract: Fragmentation of tropical forests is one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Understanding how biological and functional attributes of communities respond to fragmentation and, in turn, whether ecosystem functioning is impacted upon are critical steps for assessing the long‐term effects and conservation values of forest fragments. Ecosystem functioning can be inferred through functional diversity metrics, including functional richness, evenness and divergence, which collectively quantify the range, distribution and uniqueness of functional traits within a community. Our study was carried out in forest remnants of the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest, which is a global hotspot of threatened biodiversity that has undergone massive deforestation and fragmentation. We focus on trees, which play critical functional roles in forest structure, food provisioning and carbon storage, to examine community organization and functional diversity across a gradient of fragmentation, from small to large fragments and at edge versus interior habitats. The interiors of small fragments have marginally higher species richness, but similar community structures, to the interiors of bigger fragments. In contrast, fragment edges suffered significant losses of species and changes in community structure, relative to fragment interiors. Despite shifts in community organization, functional richness was not impacted by fragmentation, with the same number of functions provided independent of fragment size or proximity to edge. However, functional evenness and functional divergence both increased with decreasing fragment size, while fragment edges had lower functional evenness than interiors did, indicating that the abundance and dominance of functional traits has changed, with negative implications for functional redundancy and ecosystem resilience. At fragment edges, large‐fruited trees, critical as resources for fauna, were replaced by early successional, small‐seeded species. The influence of fragment size was smaller, with a reduction in very large‐fruited trees in small fragments counterbalanced by increased numbers of fleshy‐ and medium‐fruited trees. Wood density was not impacted by fragmentation. Synthesis . These results suggest that the interiors of even small fragments can contain important biodiversity, ecosystem functions and carbon stores, offering potential opportunities for cobenefits under existing carbon markets. Retaining forest fragments is an important conservation strategy within the highly threatened Brazilian Atlantic forest biome.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jec.2014.102.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12206
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 2
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    Rarefaction and extrapolation with beta diversity under a framework of H ill numbers: The iNEXT . beta3D standardization
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Ecological Monographs
    Details
    In: Ecological Monographs, Wiley
    Abstract: Based on sampling data, we propose a rigorous standardization method to measure and compare beta diversity across datasets. Here beta diversity, which quantifies the extent of among‐assemblage differentiation, relies on Whittaker's original multiplicative decomposition scheme, but we use Hill numbers for any diversity order q ≥  0. Richness‐based beta diversity ( q  = 0) quantifies the extent of species identity shift, whereas abundance‐based ( q   〉  0) beta diversity also quantifies the extent of difference among assemblages in species abundance. We adopt and define the assumptions of a statistical sampling model as the foundation for our approach, treating sampling data as a representative sample taken from an assemblage. The approach makes a clear distinction between the theoretical assemblage level (unknown properties/parameters of the assemblage) and the sampling data level (empirical/observed statistics computed from data). At the assemblage level, beta diversity for N assemblages reflects the interacting effect of the species abundance distribution and spatial/temporal aggregation of individuals in the assemblage. Under independent sampling, observed beta (= gamma/alpha) diversity depends not only on among‐assemblage differentiation but also on sampling effort/completeness, which in turn induces dependence of beta on alpha and gamma diversity. How to remove the dependence of richness‐based beta diversity on its gamma component (species pool) has been intensely debated. Our approach is to standardize gamma and alpha based on sample coverage (an objective measure of sample completeness). For a single assemblage, the iNEXT method was developed, through interpolation (rarefaction) and extrapolation with Hill numbers, to standardize samples by sampling effort/completeness. Here we adapt the iNEXT standardization to alpha and gamma diversity, that is, alpha and gamma diversity are both assessed at the same level of sample coverage, to formulate standardized, coverage‐based beta diversity. This extension of iNEXT to beta diversity required the development of novel concepts and theories, including a formal proof and simulation‐based demonstration that the resulting standardized beta diversity removes the dependence of beta diversity on both gamma and alpha values, and thus reflects the pure among‐assemblage differentiation. The proposed standardization is illustrated with spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal datasets, while the freeware iNEXT.beta3D facilitates all computations and graphics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9615 , 1557-7015
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1588
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 3
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    Sampling method drives differing detection of responses to land-use change in small mammals
    Elsevier BV ; 2023
    In:  Journal for Nature Conservation Vol. 76 ( 2023-12), p. 126489-
    Details
    In: Journal for Nature Conservation, Elsevier BV, Vol. 76 ( 2023-12), p. 126489-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1617-1381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126489
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 4
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    Effects of landscape configuration and composition on phylogenetic diversity of trees in a highly fragmented tropical forest
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 105, No. 1 ( 2017-01), p. 265-276
    Details
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 105, No. 1 ( 2017-01), p. 265-276
    Abstract: Fragmentation of tropical forests is a major driver of the global extinction crisis. A key question is understanding how fragmentation impacts phylogenetic diversity, which summarizes the total evolutionary history shared across species within a community. Conserving phylogenetic diversity decreases the potential of losing unique ecological and phenotypic traits and plays important roles in maintaining ecosystem function and stability. Our study was conducted in landscapes within the highly fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest. We sampled living trees with d.b.h. ≥ 4.8 cm in 0.1 ha plots within 28 fragment interiors and 12 fragment edges to evaluate the impacts of landscape configuration, composition and patch size, as well as edge effects, on phylogenetic diversity indices (PD, a measure of phylogenetic richness; MPD, phylogenetic distance between individuals in a community in deep evolutionary time; and MNTD, phylogenetic distance between each individual and its nearest phylogenetic neighbour). We found that PD and MPD were correlated with species richness, while MNTD was not. Best models suggest that MPD was positively related to edge density and negatively related to the number of forest patches, but that there was no effect of landscape configuration and composition metrics on PD or MNTD, or on standardized values of phylogenetic structure (sesPD, sesMPD and sesMNTD), which control for species richness. Considering all selected models for phylogenetic diversity and structure, edge density and number of forest patches were most frequently selected. With increasing patch size, we found lower PD in interiors but no change at edges and lower sesMNTD regardless of habitat type. Additionally, PD and sesMNTD were higher in interiors than at edges. Synthesis . Changes in MPD and sesMNTD suggest that extirpation of species at edges or in highly fragmented landscapes increases the dominance of species within a subset of clades (phylogenetic clustering), likely those adapted to disturbance. Smaller patch sizes are phylogenetically diverse and overdispersed, probably due to an invasion of edge‐adapted species. Conservation must enhance patch area and connectivity via forest restoration; pivotally, even small forest patches are important reservoirs of phylogenetic diversity in the highly threatened Brazilian Atlantic forest.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jec.2017.105.issue-1
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12661
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 5
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    Would protecting tropical forest fragments provide carbon and biodiversity cobenefits under REDD +?
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 21, No. 9 ( 2015-09), p. 3455-3468
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 21, No. 9 ( 2015-09), p. 3455-3468
    Abstract: Tropical forests store vast amounts of carbon and are the most biodiverse terrestrial habitats, yet they are being converted and degraded at alarming rates. Given global shortfalls in the budgets required to prevent carbon and biodiversity loss, we need to seek solutions that simultaneously address both issues. Of particular interest are carbon‐based payments under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ( REDD +) mechanism to also conserve biodiversity at no additional cost. One potential is for REDD + to protect forest fragments, especially within biomes where contiguous forest cover has diminished dramatically, but we require empirical tests of the strength of any carbon and biodiversity cobenefits in such fragmented systems. Using the globally threatened Atlantic Forest landscape, we measured above‐ground carbon stocks within forest fragments spanning 13 to 23 442 ha in area and with different degrees of isolation. We related these stocks to tree community structure and to the richness and abundance of endemic and IUCN Red‐listed species. We found that increasing fragment size has a positive relationship with above‐ground carbon stock and with abundance of IUCN Red‐listed species and tree community structure. We also found negative relationships between distance from large forest block and tree community structure, endemic species richness and abundance, and IUCN Red‐listed species abundance. These resulted in positive congruence between carbon stocks and Red‐listed species, and the abundance and richness of endemic species, demonstrating vital cobenefits. As such, protecting forest fragments in hotspots of biodiversity, particularly larger fragments and those closest to sources, offers important carbon and biodiversity cobenefits. More generally, our results suggest that macroscale models of cobenefits under REDD + have likely overlooked key benefits at small scales, indicating the necessity to apply models that include finer‐grained assessments in fragmented landscapes rather than using averaged coarse‐grained cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.2015.21.issue-9
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12937
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 6
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    Deciphering the enigma of undetected species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity based on Good‐Turing theory
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Ecology Vol. 98, No. 11 ( 2017-11), p. 2914-2929
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 98, No. 11 ( 2017-11), p. 2914-2929
    Abstract: Estimating the species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of a community is challenging because rare species are often undetected, even with intensive sampling. The Good‐Turing frequency formula, originally developed for cryptography, estimates in an ecological context the true frequencies of rare species in a single assemblage based on an incomplete sample of individuals. Until now, this formula has never been used to estimate undetected species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. Here, we first generalize the Good‐Turing formula to incomplete sampling of two assemblages. The original formula and its two‐assemblage generalization provide a novel and unified approach to notation, terminology, and estimation of undetected biological diversity. For species richness, the Good‐Turing framework offers an intuitive way to derive the non‐parametric estimators of the undetected species richness in a single assemblage, and of the undetected species shared between two assemblages. For phylogenetic diversity, the unified approach leads to an estimator of the undetected Faith's phylogenetic diversity ( PD , the total length of undetected branches of a phylogenetic tree connecting all species), as well as a new estimator of undetected PD shared between two phylogenetic trees. For functional diversity based on species traits, the unified approach yields a new estimator of undetected Walker et al.'s functional attribute diversity ( FAD , the total species‐pairwise functional distance) in a single assemblage, as well as a new estimator of undetected FAD shared between two assemblages. Although some of the resulting estimators have been previously published (but derived with traditional mathematical inequalities), all taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity estimators are now derived under the same framework. All the derived estimators are theoretically lower bounds of the corresponding undetected diversities; our approach reveals the sufficient conditions under which the estimators are nearly unbiased, thus offering new insights. Simulation results are reported to numerically verify the performance of the derived estimators. We illustrate all estimators and assess their sampling uncertainty with an empirical dataset for Brazilian rain forest trees. These estimators should be widely applicable to many current problems in ecology, such as the effects of climate change on spatial and temporal beta diversity and the contribution of trait diversity to ecosystem multi‐functionality.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2017.98.issue-11
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 7
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    Defaunation affects carbon storage in tropical forests
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2015
    In:  Science Advances Vol. 1, No. 11 ( 2015-12-04)
    Details
    In: Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 1, No. 11 ( 2015-12-04)
    Abstract: Carbon storage is widely acknowledged as one of the most valuable forest ecosystem services. Deforestation, logging, fragmentation, fire, and climate change have significant effects on tropical carbon stocks; however, an elusive and yet undetected decrease in carbon storage may be due to defaunation of large seed dispersers. Many large tropical trees with sizeable contributions to carbon stock rely on large vertebrates for seed dispersal and regeneration, however many of these frugivores are threatened by hunting, illegal trade, and habitat loss. We used a large data set on tree species composition and abundance, seed, fruit, and carbon-related traits, and plant-animal interactions to estimate the loss of carbon storage capacity of tropical forests in defaunated scenarios. By simulating the local extinction of trees that depend on large frugivores in 31 Atlantic Forest communities, we found that defaunation has the potential to significantly erode carbon storage even when only a small proportion of large-seeded trees are extirpated. Although intergovernmental policies to reduce carbon emissions and reforestation programs have been mostly focused on deforestation, our results demonstrate that defaunation, and the loss of key ecological interactions, also poses a serious risk for the maintenance of tropical forest carbon storage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2375-2548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501105
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 8
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    ATLANTIC ANTS: a data set of ants in Atlantic Forests of South America
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology Vol. 103, No. 2 ( 2022-02)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 103, No. 2 ( 2022-02)
    Abstract: Ants, an ecologically successful and numerically dominant group of animals, play key ecological roles as soil engineers, predators, nutrient recyclers, and regulators of plant growth and reproduction in most terrestrial ecosystems. Further, ants are widely used as bioindicators of the ecological impact of land use. We gathered information of ant species in the Atlantic Forest of South America. The ATLANTIC ANTS data set, which is part of the ATLANTIC SERIES data papers, is a compilation of ant records from collections (18,713 records), unpublished data (29,651 records), and published sources (106,910 records; 1,059 references), including papers, theses, dissertations, and book chapters published from 1886 to 2020. In total, the data set contains 153,818 ant records from 7,636 study locations in the Atlantic Forest, representing 10 subfamilies, 99 genera, 1,114 ant species identified with updated taxonomic certainty, and 2,235 morphospecies codes. Our data set reflects the heterogeneity in ant records, which include ants sampled at the beginning of the taxonomic history of myrmecology (the 19th and 20th centuries) and more recent ant surveys designed to address specific questions in ecology and biology. The data set can be used by researchers to develop strategies to deal with different macroecological and region‐wide questions, focusing on assemblages, species occurrences, and distribution patterns. Furthermore, the data can be used to assess the consequences of changes in land use in the Atlantic Forest on different ecological processes. No copyright restrictions apply to the use of this data set, but we request that authors cite this data paper when using these data in publications or teaching events.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v103.2
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3580
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    Invasive alien acacias rapidly stock carbon, but threaten biodiversity recovery in young second-growth forests
    The Royal Society ; 2023
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 378, No. 1867 ( 2023-01-02)
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 378, No. 1867 ( 2023-01-02)
    Abstract: Under the UN-Decade of Ecosystem Restoration and Bonn Challenge, second-growth forest is promoted as a global solution to climate change, degradation and associated losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Second growth is often invaded by alien tree species and understanding how this impacts carbon stock and biodiversity recovery is key for restoration planning. We assessed carbon stock and tree diversity recovery in second growth invaded by two Acacia species and non-invaded second growth, with associated edge effects, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Carbon stock recovery in non-invaded forests was threefold lower than in invaded forests. Increasingly isolated, fragmented and deforested areas had low carbon stocks when non-invaded, whereas the opposite was true when invaded. Non-invaded forests recovered threefold to sixfold higher taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity than invaded forest. Higher species turnover and lower nestedness in non-invaded than invaded forests underpinned higher abundance of threatened and endemic species in non-invaded forest. Non-invaded forests presented positive relationships between carbon and biodiversity, whereas in the invaded forests we did not detect any relationship, indicating that more carbon does not equal more biodiversity in landscapes with high vulnerability to invasive acacias. To deliver on combined climate change and biodiversity goals, restoration planning and management must consider biological invasion risk. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration’.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0072
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
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  • 10
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    Nearby mature forest distance and regenerating forest age influence tree species composition in the Atlantic forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 30, No. 7 ( 2021-06), p. 2165-2180
    Details
    In: Biodiversity and Conservation, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 30, No. 7 ( 2021-06), p. 2165-2180
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0960-3115 , 1572-9710
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10531-021-02192-w
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2000787-5
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    SSG: 23
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