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  • 1
    In: Journal of Burn Care & Research, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 41, No. 3 ( 2020-05-02), p. 604-611
    Abstract: On August 27 and 28, 2018, the American Burn Association, in conjunction with Underwriters Laboratories, convened a group of experts on burn and inhalation injury in Washington, DC. The goal of the meeting was to identify and discuss the existing knowledge, data, and modeling gaps related to understanding cutaneous thermal injury and inhalation injury due to exposure from a fire environment, and in addition, address two more areas proposed by the American Burn Association Research Committee that are critical to burn care but may have current translational research gaps (inflammatory response and hypermetabolic response). Representatives from the Underwriters Laboratories Firefighter Safety Research Institute and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Fire Research Laboratory presented the state of the science in their fields, highlighting areas that required further investigation and guidance from the burn community. Four areas were discussed by the full 24 participant group and in smaller groups: Basic and Translational Understanding of Inhalation Injury, Thermal Contact and Resulting Injury, Systemic Inflammatory Response and Resuscitation, and Hypermetabolic Response and Healing. A primary finding was the need for validating historic models to develop a set of reliable data on contact time and temperature and resulting injury. The working groups identified common areas of focus across each subtopic, including gaining an understanding of individual response to injury that would allow for precision medicine approaches. Predisposed phenotype in response to insult, the effects of age and sex, and the role of microbiomes could all be studied by employing multi-omic (systems biology) approaches.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1559-047X , 1559-0488
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2071028-8
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 2021
    In:  Data in Brief Vol. 39 ( 2021-12), p. 107624-
    In: Data in Brief, Elsevier BV, Vol. 39 ( 2021-12), p. 107624-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2352-3409
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2786545-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SAGE Publications ; 2018
    In:  Journal of Fire Sciences Vol. 36, No. 3 ( 2018-05), p. 224-239
    In: Journal of Fire Sciences, SAGE Publications, Vol. 36, No. 3 ( 2018-05), p. 224-239
    Abstract: A series of cooking fire experiments were conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to examine the hazard associated with cooking oil fires. First, a series of 12 experiments were conducted on a free-standing stove situated in the open. The experiments were based on scenarios outlined in the draft UL 300A standard for fire suppression apparatus. Both the gas and electric ranges were tested. The amount of oil and types of cooking pans were varied in the experiments. Oil was heated on a cooktop burner until autoignition took place. Measurements of oil and pan temperatures, heat release rates, and heat fluxes were made to characterize the hazard of the ensuing fires. Next, two experiments were conducted using a full-scale residential kitchen arrangement to examine the hazard associated with the free-burning oil fires situated within a compartment equipped with commercial furnishings, fiberboard cabinets, and countertops. The dimensions of the test room were 3.6 m × 3.4 m × 2.4 m. Corn oil was heated on a cooktop burner until autoignition took place. Measurements of room temperature, heat fluxes, and heat release rates showed that even small cooktop fires spread and grew ultra-fast within the kitchen compartment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0734-9041 , 1530-8049
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2088221-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Informa UK Limited ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2022-01-02), p. 35-49
    In: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2022-01-02), p. 35-49
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1545-9624 , 1545-9632
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2142402-0
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 2023
    In:  Data in Brief Vol. 47 ( 2023-04), p. 108934-
    In: Data in Brief, Elsevier BV, Vol. 47 ( 2023-04), p. 108934-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2352-3409
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2786545-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2016
    In:  Fire Technology Vol. 52, No. 6 ( 2016-11), p. 1667-1696
    In: Fire Technology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 52, No. 6 ( 2016-11), p. 1667-1696
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0015-2684 , 1572-8099
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2037915-8
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Fire Technology Vol. 56, No. 3 ( 2020-05), p. 959-991
    In: Fire Technology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 56, No. 3 ( 2020-05), p. 959-991
    Abstract: There has been prior research exploring the exposure of common electrical cords and cables to fire, but that has traditionally been at the lab scale and under near steady-state exposures. The goal of these experiments was to expose six types of cords and cables in a room-scale compartment with a fuel load sufficient to drive the compartment through flashover. The basic test design was to expose the cords and cables on the floor of a compartment to a growing fire to determine the conditions under which the cord/cable would trip the circuit protection device. All of the cords were energized and installed on a non-combustible surface. The six cables and cords were protected by three different circuit protection devices which were remote from the thermal exposure. This configuration resulted in 18 exposures per experiment. The room fires experiments consisted of three replicate fires with two sofas as the main fuel source, two replicate fires with one sofa as the main fuel source and one fire with two sofas and vinyl-covered MDF paneling on three walls in the room. Each fuel package was sufficient to support flashover conditions in the room. The average peak heat release rate of the sofa fueled compartment fires with gypsum board ceiling and walls prior to suppression was 6.8 MW. The addition of vinyl covered MDF wall paneling on three of the compartment walls increased the pre-suppression peak heat release rate to 12 MW. In each experiment during post flashover exposure, the insulation on the cords and cables ignited and burned through, exposing bare wire. During this period, the circuits faulted. Assessments of both the thermal exposure and physical damage to the cords did not reveal any correlation between the thermal exposure, cord/cable damage, and trip type.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0015-2684 , 1572-8099
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Fire Technology Vol. 59, No. 4 ( 2023-07), p. 2089-2125
    In: Fire Technology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 59, No. 4 ( 2023-07), p. 2089-2125
    Abstract: National Fire Protection Association standard 1403 provides the fire service with guidance for conducting effective live fire training with the goal of minimizing health and safety hazards. The document provides guidelines for materials to be included in the training fuel package, but the fire service has raised questions about the use of specific types of wood products for this purpose. In this study, the fire dynamics generated when utilizing five different Class A materials that have been historically employed as training fuels [low density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), pallets, particle board, plywood] in a single compartment fire training structure (Fire Behavior Lab) were characterized. A specific focus was placed on understanding the thermal and visual environment created for firefighters located at typical locations for instructors (front and rear of structure) and students (middle of the structure). The pallet fuel package required the longest time to transition through the six ventilation cycles while the OSB fuel package was the quickest. Additionally, the most consistent fire dynamics were demonstrated with the OSB fuel followed by particle board and plywood, while fiberboard and pallets resulted in less repeatable flashover or rollover demonstration. The OSB fuel package resulted in the highest peak heat fluxes and pallets resulted in the lowest. The most severe exposures were measured at the front instructor location. To control thermal risks when conducting training in the Fire Behavior Lab structure, instructors and students should orient themselves as low as possible in the observation area and behind the interior baffle when possible. Considering the high radiant exposures for the front instructor location, providing a local shield and reducing the time in the training structure can also reduce risk for thermal injury or personal protective equipment damage. Overall, different fuels can impact thermal exposures to firefighters, but varying fuels also affects the consistency of the fire dynamics being presented to the firefighting students.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0015-2684 , 1572-8099
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 9
    In: Fire Technology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Abstract: Firefighters’ or instructors’ exposure to airborne chemicals during live-fire training may depend on fuels being burned, fuel orientation and participants’ location within the structure. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of different control measures on exposure risk to combustion byproducts during fire dynamics training where fuel packages are mounted at or near the ceiling. These measures included substitution of training fuels (low density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), pallets, particle board, plywood) and adoption of engineering controls such as changing the location of the instructor and students using the structure. Experiments were conducted for two different training durations: the typical six ventilation cycle (six-cycle) and a shorter three ventilation cycle (three-cycle) with a subset of training fuels. In Part A of this series, we characterized the fire dynamics within the structure, including the ability of each fuel to provide an environment that achieves the training objectives. Here, in Part B, airborne chemical concentrations are reported at the location where fire instructors would typically be operating. We hypothesized that utilizing a training fuel package with solid wood pallets would result in lower concentrations of airborne contaminants at the rear instructor location than wood-based sheet products containing additional resins and/or waxes. In the six-cycle experiments (at the rear instructor location), OSB-fueled fires produced the highest median concentrations of benzene and 1,3 butadiene, plywood-fueled fires produced the highest total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations, particle board-fueled fires produced the highest methyl isocyanate concentrations, and pallet-fueled fires produced the highest hydrogen chloride concentrations. All fuels other than particle board produced similarly high levels of formaldehyde at the rear instructor location. The OSB fuel package created the most consistent fire dynamics over six-cycles, while fiberboard resulted in consistent fire dynamics only for the first three cycles. In the follow-on three-cycle experiment, PAH, benzene, and aldehyde concentrations were similar for the OSB and fiberboard-fueled fires. Air sampling did not identify any clear differences between training fires from burning solid wood pallets and those that incorporate wood-based sheet products for this commonly employed fuel arrangement with fuels mounted high in the compartment . However, it was found that exposure can be reduced by moving firefighters and instructors lower in the compartment and/or by moving the instructor in charge of ventilation from the rear of the structure (where highest concentrations were consistently measured) to an outside position.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0015-2684 , 1572-8099
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2016
    In:  Fire Technology Vol. 52, No. 6 ( 2016-11), p. 1629-1658
    In: Fire Technology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 52, No. 6 ( 2016-11), p. 1629-1658
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0015-2684 , 1572-8099
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2037915-8
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