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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    25 Years of Tropospheric 14 C Observations in Central Europe
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1985
    In:  Radiocarbon Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 1985), p. 1-19
    Details
    In: Radiocarbon, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 1985), p. 1-19
    Abstract: A long-term mountain station series of tropospheric 14 C data for the period 1959 to 1984 is presented. This series is considered representative of the higher altitude 14 C level over central Europe. Even tree-ring 14 C levels from a rural ground level site in southern Germany are consistently lower (by Δ 14 C depression = −15‰ if compared with the mountain station summer average in atmospheric CO 2 ). The rural tree-ring series is considered to represent the additional continental Suess effect at ground level without local contamination. This Suess effect decreases gradually with the distance from the ground ( ie , source) level. We therefore estimate the additional continental Suess effect in the vegetation period to be Δ 14 C depression = −5‰ for the mountain station and −20‰) for a rural ground level site, respectively. Based on this assumption, yearly mean tropospheric 14 C levels corrected for fossil fuel contamination and representative of the Northern Hemisphere are provided for use in global carbon cycle models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-8222 , 1945-5755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200006895
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1985
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Anthropogenic 14 C Variations
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1983
    In:  Radiocarbon Vol. 25, No. 2 ( 1983), p. 583-592
    Details
    In: Radiocarbon, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 25, No. 2 ( 1983), p. 583-592
    Abstract: Continuous 14 C data of 1 or 2 weekly samples of atmospheric CO 2 are presented, collected near two nuclear power plants (NPP-Biblis and NPP-Philippsburg) located in the rather densely populated upper Rhine valley. Tree-leaf and tree-ring samples from the area of a boiling water reactor in northern Germany (NPP-Würgassen) are also presented and discussed. Additional atmospheric 14 CO 2 samples from two continental ‘clean-air’ stations in Germany and Austria were used as reference for the polluted areas. For January 1982, these samples yield a ‘clean-air’ 14 C concentration in central Europe of Δ 14 C=255±5‰ (7.7pCi/gC = 1.45pCi/m 3 air).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-8222 , 1945-5755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200005890
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1983
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    SSG: 13
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Multi-Counter System for High Precision Carbon-14 Measurements
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1980
    In:  Radiocarbon Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 1980), p. 442-447
    Details
    In: Radiocarbon, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 1980), p. 442-447
    Abstract: A new 14 C detector system containing nine, independently working, CO 2 proportional counters is described. The system is designed for a sufficient measuring capacity at a precision level better than σ = ± 2‰, which requires a counting time of about one week per sample. The size of the installation requires a simple and economic design of counters and electronics. A single anticoincidence shield for all counters consists of five newly developed flat counters. The modern counting rate (52cpm) is sensitively checked by running Heidelberg sodium carbonate standard samples wth a counting rate of about 10 times modern. A microcomputer (DEC PDP-11 /03) is used for data acquisition. Recent developments in laboratory techniques (preparation and gaschromatographic purification of samples) are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-8222 , 1945-5755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200009747
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1980
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interdisciplinary Physics: Research Topics in Studying Man's Environment
    Informa UK Limited ; 1986
    In:  Interdisciplinary Science Reviews Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 1986-01), p. 158-163
    Details
    In: Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 1986-01), p. 158-163
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0308-0188 , 1743-2790
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1179/isr.1986.11.2.158
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 1986
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2040267-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Early Holocene Oöids in Modern Littoral Sands Reworked from a Coastal Terrace, Southern Tunisia
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 1970
    In:  Science Vol. 169, No. 3947 ( 1970-08-21), p. 757-760
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 169, No. 3947 ( 1970-08-21), p. 757-760
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.169.3947.757
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1970
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vertical structure of currents in western Lake Constance
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 105, No. C12 ( 2000-12-15), p. 28823-28835
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 105, No. C12 ( 2000-12-15), p. 28823-28835
    Abstract: Simultaneous measurements of current velocity and density profiles at the Sill of Mainau (western Lake Constance) enabled the observation of the internal response of the lake and the calculation of gradient Richardson number over the entire water column at the sampling site. Periodic changes of current direction corresponded with predicted periods of the two‐layer oscillation and could be confirmed with thermocline oscillation data. In general, the current profiles confirmed a two‐layer structure. However, an activating wind of speeds higher than 4 m/s produced three‐layer profiles for a period of several hours at the sampling site, when the velocities due to the two‐layer oscillation traversed zero. At times the implied current shear produced supercritical values of gradient Richardson number on a vertical scale of a few meters. This occurred during winds in the epilimnion and after strong ( 〉 4 m/s) winds in the lower thermocline and the hypolimnion. In the 20 m above the lake bed, topographical conditions helped the gradient Richardson number to go supercritical sporadically. Across the thermocline, no supercritical gradient Richardson numbers could be confirmed at the measuring site. A lower boundary for vertical mixing in the measuring site due to current shear could be evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2000JC900139
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Carbon isotope measurements of atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 at a coastal station in Antarctica
    Stockholm University Press ; 1987
    In:  Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology Vol. 39, No. 1-2 ( 1987-01-01), p. 89-
    Details
    In: Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 39, No. 1-2 ( 1987-01-01), p. 89-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0889 , 0280-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v39i1-2.15326
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 1987
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fast 14C Sample Preparation of Organic Material
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1989
    In:  Radiocarbon Vol. 31, No. 03 ( 1989), p. 264-268
    Details
    In: Radiocarbon, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 31, No. 03 ( 1989), p. 264-268
    Abstract: A fast 14 C sample preparation technique for organic material in conventional 14 C counting is described. The basic difference from conventional preparation is oxidation of the organic substances in a closed system under an oxygen pressure of ca 10 bars. After the explosion-like combustion, the reaction products SO 2 and NO 2 are oxidized immediately to SO 4 2- and NO 3 − and precipitated on the wall of the reaction vessel. The residual gas mixture is passed first through a cold trap at −78° to remove water vapor and then through an activated charcoal column at 0° for purification. CO 2 is removed from the remaining O 2 −CO 2 gas mixture in a LN 2 trap at a pressure of ≃ 100mbar. With this method sample preparation time is reduced from ca 10 hr to ca 1 hr. The efficiency and reproducibility of the procedure is shown with 14 C and 13 C measurements of a sugar-carbon standard. The results obtained by the new technique agree well with conventionally prepared wood and bone samples.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-8222 , 1945-5755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200011784
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1989
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the 14 C to Tritium Relationship in the North Atlantic Ocean
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1980
    In:  Radiocarbon Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 1980), p. 636-646
    Details
    In: Radiocarbon, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 1980), p. 636-646
    Abstract: Nuclear-weapon produced 14 C (or bomb 14 C) in the ocean can be traced by simultaneous tritium observations. Data are presented on the general relationship of bomb 14 C and tritium in the North Atlantic. For the period 1965 to 1973, the excess 14 C to tritium ratios in the surface water vary, systematically, over a factor of 10: the ratios monotonically increase with time, and decrease with latitude, particularly so for the later observations. The sub-surface water ratios show that the mid- and low-latitude water below about the 15° C isothermal horizon (~500m depth) originates from higher northern latitudes, rather than being renewed by local vertical mixing. It is further shown that in the North Atlantic, bomb 14 C did not penetrate beyond the horizon where the presently observed 14 C concentration is Δ 14 C = —75‰. Observed concentrations up to about —40‰ can be corrected for a bomb contribution if the tritium concentration is known because the bomb 14 C to tritium concentration ratio is rather uniform in this range. A surface water 14 C concentration versus time curve is presented for the period since 1957. This curve is based on a North Atlantic mixing model and is fitted to the 14 C observations. Making use of a previously published tritium versus time curve obtained by the same model, a time curve for the average excess 14 C to tritium ratio in North Atlantic surface water is given. This curve reproduces the observations well. The presented data and theoretical curves show the usefulness of simultaneous 14 C and tritium observations for mixing studies and to provide corrections for bomb 14 C in sub-surface 14 C data in the North Atlantic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-8222 , 1945-5755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200010006
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1980
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    SSG: 13
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the parameters influencing air‐water gas exchange
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1987
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 92, No. C2 ( 1987-02-15), p. 1937-1949
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 92, No. C2 ( 1987-02-15), p. 1937-1949
    Abstract: Detailed gas exchange measurements from two circular and one linear wind/wave tunnels are presented. Heat, He, CH 4 , CO 2 , Kr, and Xe have been used as tracers. The experiments show the central importance of waves for the water‐side transfer process. With the onset of waves the Schmidt number dependence of the transfer velocity k changes from k ∝ Sc −⅔ to k ∝ Sc −½ indicating a change in the boundary conditions at the surface. Moreover, energy put into the wave field by wind is transferred to near‐surface turbulence enhancing gas transfer. The data show that the mean square slope of the waves is the best parameter to characterize the free wavy surface with respect to water‐side transfer processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC092iC02p01937
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1987
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    SSG: 16,13
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