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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Double Chooz antineutrino detectors
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  The European Physical Journal C Vol. 82, No. 9 ( 2022-09-08)
    Details
    In: The European Physical Journal C, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 82, No. 9 ( 2022-09-08)
    Abstract: This article describes the setup and performance of the near and far detectors in the Double Chooz experiment. The electron antineutrinos of the Chooz nuclear power plant were measured in two identically designed detectors with different average baselines of about 400 m and 1050 m from the two reactor cores. Over many years of data taking the neutrino signals were extracted from interactions in the detectors with the goal of measuring a fundamental parameter in the context of neutrino oscillation, the mixing angle $$\theta _{13}$$ θ 13 . The central part of the Double Chooz detectors was a main detector comprising four cylindrical volumes filled with organic liquids. From the inside towards the outside there were volumes containing gadolinium-loaded scintillator, gadolinium-free scintillator, a buffer oil and, optically separated, another liquid scintillator acting as veto system. Above this main detector an additional outer veto system using plastic scintillator strips was installed. The technologies developed in Double Chooz were inspiration for several other antineutrino detectors in the field. The detector design allowed implementation of efficient background rejection techniques including use of pulse shape information provided by the data acquisition system. The Double Chooz detectors featured remarkable stability, in particular for the detected photons, as well as high radiopurity of the detector components.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10726-x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1459069-4
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  • 2
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    Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2020-06-09), p. 609-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2020-06-09), p. 609-
    Abstract: Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos11060609
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
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  • 3
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    Reassessing global change research priorities in mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems: how far have we come and where do we go from here?
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Global Ecology and Biogeography Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 25-43
    Details
    In: Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 25-43
    Abstract: Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems serve as reference laboratories for the investigation of global change because of their transitional climate, the high spatiotemporal variability of their environmental conditions, a rich and unique biodiversity and a wide range of socio‐economic conditions. As scientific development and environmental pressures increase, it is increasingly necessary to evaluate recent progress and to challenge research priorities in the face of global change. Location Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems. Methods This article revisits the research priorities proposed in a 1998 assessment. Results A new set of research priorities is proposed: (1) to establish the role of the landscape mosaic on fire‐spread; (2) to further research the combined effect of different drivers on pest expansion; (3) to address the interaction between drivers of global change and recent forest management practices; (4) to obtain more realistic information on the impacts of global change and ecosystem services; (5) to assess forest mortality events associated with climatic extremes; (6) to focus global change research on identifying and managing vulnerable areas; (7) to use the functional traits concept to study resilience after disturbance; (8) to study the relationship between genotypic and phenotypic diversity as a source of forest resilience; (9) to understand the balance between C storage and water resources; (10) to analyse the interplay between landscape‐scale processes and biodiversity conservation; (11) to refine models by including interactions between drivers and socio‐economic contexts; (12) to understand forest–atmosphere feedbacks; (13) to represent key mechanisms linking plant hydraulics with landscape hydrology. Main conclusions (1) The interactive nature of different global change drivers remains poorly understood. (2) There is a critical need for the rapid development of regional‐ and global‐scale models that are more tightly connected with large‐scale experiments, data networks and management practice. (3) More attention should be directed to drought‐related forest decline and the current relevance of historical land use.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1466-822X , 1466-8238
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.2015.24.issue-1
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.12224
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479787-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021283-5
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  • 4
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    Spatial variability of the relationships of runoff and sediment yield with weather types throughout the Mediterranean basin
    Elsevier BV ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Hydrology Vol. 571 ( 2019-04), p. 390-405
    Details
    In: Journal of Hydrology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 571 ( 2019-04), p. 390-405
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.01.059
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 240687-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473173-3
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 14
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  • 5
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    Temporal variability and time compression of sediment yield in small Mediterranean catchments: impacts for land and water management
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Soil Use and Management Vol. 34, No. 3 ( 2018-09), p. 388-403
    Details
    In: Soil Use and Management, Wiley, Vol. 34, No. 3 ( 2018-09), p. 388-403
    Abstract: Increased soil erosion, pressure on agricultural land, and climate change highlight the need for new management methods to mitigate soil loss. Management strategies should utilize comparable data sets of long‐term soil erosion monitoring across multiple environments. Adaptive soil erosion management in regions with intense precipitation requires an understanding of inter‐annual variability in sediment yield ( SY ) at regional scales. Here, a novel approach is proposed for analysing regional SY . We aimed to (i) investigate factors controlling inter‐ and intra‐annual SY , (ii) combine seasonality and time compression analyses to explore SY variability and (iii) discuss management implications for different Mediterranean environments. Continuous SY measurements totalling 104 years for eight small catchments were used to describe SY variability, which ranged from 0 to 271 t/ha/year and 0 to 116 t/ha/month. Maximum SY occurs in spring to summer for catchments with oceanic climates, while semi‐arid or dry summer climates experience SY minimums. We identified three time compression patterns at each time scale. Time compression was most intense for catchments with minimum SY in spring to summer. Low time compression was linked to very high soil loss, low run‐off and sediment production thresholds, and high connectivity. Reforestation, grassland and terracing changed SY magnitudes and time compression, but failed to reduce SY for large storm events. Periods with a high probability of high SY were identified using a combination of intra‐annual SY variability, seasonality analysis, and time compression analysis. Focusing management practices on monthly flow events, which account for the majority of SY , will optimise returns in Mediterranean catchments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0266-0032 , 1475-2743
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/sum.2018.34.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1111/sum.12437
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 742151-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020513-2
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  • 6
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    Characterization of Epitheloid Cells from Human Omentum: Comparison with Endothelial Cells from Umbilical Veins
    Georg Thieme Verlag KG ; 1991
    In:  Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 66, No. 03 ( 1991), p. 361-367
    Details
    In: Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Georg Thieme Verlag KG, Vol. 66, No. 03 ( 1991), p. 361-367
    Abstract: Capillary cells represent 95% of the vascular bed, and cells from large and micro-vessels do not express identical functions. In order to study the hormonal regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) secretion by human capillary cells we used epithelial cells from omental tissue (HOTMEC). As their endothelial origin is subject to controversy, we attempted to determine their characteristics by comparing them to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Morphological and biological criteria were studied. By phase contrast microscopy HOTMEC elicited a cobblestone pattern similar to HUVEC. Weibel-Palade bodies were not found in the cytoplasm with electron microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy studies indicated that HOTMEC took up acetylated-LDL more intensely than HUVEC, and showed no staining for von Willebrand factor. The phenotype of HOTMEC was studied by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies (mo Ab) directed against epitopes either specific for endothelial cells or for mesothelial cells. We showed that in our preparations only 10% of cells reacted with mo Ab specific for endothelial cells. About 60% of the HOTMEC were labelled with an antibody directed against mesothelial cells. HOTMEC expressed fibrinolytic factors. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) levels in HOTMEC conditioned medium were 50 fold higher than those of HUVEC, and the PAI-1 secretions were identical in both cell types. Insulin which is known to increase PAI-1 synthesis by hepatocytes did not enhance the PAI-1 level either in HOTMEC or in HUVEC conditioned media. Our results suggested that morphological and functional methods did not allow discrimination between the cell types present in the omentum tissue. They also showed that the population obtained from the omental tissue by collagenase digestion is heterogeneous, with few cells expressing endothelial markers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0340-6245 , 2567-689X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1646421
    Language: English
    Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
    Publication Date: 1991
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  • 7
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    Investigating the behaviour of a small Mediterranean catchment using three different hydrological models as hypotheses
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Hydrological Processes Vol. 30, No. 13 ( 2016-06-30), p. 2050-2062
    Details
    In: Hydrological Processes, Wiley, Vol. 30, No. 13 ( 2016-06-30), p. 2050-2062
    Abstract: Mediterranean catchments are characterized by strong nonlinearities in their hydrological behaviour. Properly simulating those nonlinearities still represents a great challenge and, at the same time, an important issue in order to improve our knowledge of their hydrological behaviour. The main aim of this work is find out diverse modelling approaches to reproduce the observed nonlinear hydrological behaviour in a small Mediterranean catchment, Can Vila (Vallcebre, NE Spain). To this end, three hydrological models were considered: two lumped models called LU3 and LU4 of increasing complexity, and a distributed model called TETIS . The structures of these different models were used as hypotheses, which could explain and reproduce the observed nonlinear behaviour at the outlet. Four analyses were carried out: (i) goodness‐of‐fit criteria analysis, (ii) residual errors analysis, (iii) sensitivity analysis and (iv) multicriteria analysis based on the concept of Pareto Optimal. These analyses showed the higher capability and robustness of the distributed model to reproduce the observed complex hydrological behaviour in this catchment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0885-6087 , 1099-1085
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/hyp.v30.13
    DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10738
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479953-4
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  • 8
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    Analysis of the role of agricultural abandoned terraces on the hydrology and sediment dynamics in a small mountainous basin (High Llobregat, Eastern Pyrenees)
    Editorial CSIC ; 1992
    In:  Pirineos Vol. 139, No. 0 ( 1992-06-30), p. 27-46
    Details
    In: Pirineos, Editorial CSIC, Vol. 139, No. 0 ( 1992-06-30), p. 27-46
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1988-4281 , 0373-2568
    Uniform Title: Analysis of the role of agricultural abandoned terraces on the hydrology and sediment dynamics in a small mountainous basin (High Llobregat, Eastern Pyrenees)
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3989/pirineos.1992.v139
    DOI: 10.3989/pirineos.1992.v139.180
    Language: English , English
    Publisher: Editorial CSIC
    Publication Date: 1992
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2409483-3
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 7,34
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  • 9
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    Throughfall isotopic composition in relation to drop size at the intra-event scale in a Mediterranean Scots pine stand
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Vol. 24, No. 9 ( 2020-09-28), p. 4675-4690
    Details
    In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 24, No. 9 ( 2020-09-28), p. 4675-4690
    Abstract: Abstract. The major fraction of water reaching the forest floor is throughfall, which consists of free throughfall, splash throughfall and canopy drip. Research has shown that forest canopies modify the isotopic composition of throughfall by means of evaporation, isotopic exchange, canopy selection and mixing of rainfall waters. However, the effects of these factors in relation to throughfall isotopic composition and the throughfall drop size reaching the soil surface are unclear. Based on research in a mountainous Scots pine stand in northeastern Spain, this study sought to fill this knowledge gap by examining the isotopic composition of throughfall in relation to throughfall drop size. In the experimental stand, throughfall consisted on average of 65 % canopy drip, 19 % free throughfall and 16 % splash throughfall. The dynamics of the isotopic composition of throughfall and rainfall showed complex behaviour throughout events. The isotopic shift showed no direct relationship with meteorological variables, number of drops, drop velocities, throughfall and rainfall amount, or raindrop kinetic energy. However, the experiment did reveal that the isotopic shift was higher at the beginning of an event, decreasing as cumulative rainfall increased, and that it also increased when the median volume drop size of throughfall (D50_TF) approached or was lower than the median volume drop size of rainfall (D50_RF). This finding indicates that the major contribution of splash throughfall at the initial phase of rain events matched the highest vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and, at the same time, corresponded to higher isotopic enrichment, which implies that splash droplet evaporation occurred. Future applications of our approach will improve understanding of how throughfall isotopic composition may vary with drop type and size during rainfall events across a range of forest types.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1607-7938
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/hess-24-4675-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/hess-24-4675-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2100610-6
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  • 10
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    Internal evaluation of a physically-based distributed model using data from a Mediterranean mountain catchment
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2002
    In:  Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2002-02-28), p. 67-84
    Details
    In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2002-02-28), p. 67-84
    Abstract: Abstract. An evaluation of the performance of a physically-based distributed model of a small Mediterranean mountain catchment is presented. This was carried out using hydrological response data, including measurements of runoff, soil moisture, phreatic surface level and actual evapotranspiration. A-priori model parameterisation was based as far as possible on property data measured in the catchment. Limited model calibration was required to identify an appropriate value for terms controlling water loss to a deeper regional aquifer. The model provided good results for an initial calibration period, when judged in terms of catchment discharge. However, model performance for runoff declined substantially when evaluated against a consecutive, rather drier, period of data. Evaluation against other catchment responses allowed identification of the problems responsible for the observed lack of model robustness in flow simulation. In particular, it was shown that an incorrect parameterisation of the soil water model was preventing adequate representation of drainage from soils during hydrograph recessions. This excess moisture was then being removed via an overestimation of evapotranspiration. It also appeared that the model underestimated canopy interception. The results presented here suggest that model evaluation against catchment scale variables summarising its water balance can be of great use in identifying problems with model parameterisation, even for distributed models. Evaluation using spatially distributed data yielded less useful information on model performance, owing to the relative sparseness of data points, and problems of mismatch of scale between the measurement and the model grid. Keywords: physically-based distributed model, SHETRAN, parameterisation, Mediterranean mountain catchment, internal evaluation, multi-response
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1607-7938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/hess-6-67-2002
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2100610-6
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