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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evidence for a central pool of general resources in working memory
    Informa UK Limited ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2012-05), p. 359-366
    Details
    In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2012-05), p. 359-366
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2044-5911 , 2044-592X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2011.640625
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2012
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    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 2
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    Maintaining information in visual working memory: Memory for bindings and memory for features are equally disrupted by increased attentional demands.
    American Psychological Association (APA) ; 2014
    In:  Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale Vol. 68, No. 3 ( 2014-09), p. 158-162
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, American Psychological Association (APA), Vol. 68, No. 3 ( 2014-09), p. 158-162
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1878-7290 , 1196-1961
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1037/cep0000025
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070530-X
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 3
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    A (further) test of spontaneous serial refreshing in verbal and spatial working memory
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics Vol. 85, No. 5 ( 2023-07), p. 1600-1611
    Details
    In: Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 85, No. 5 ( 2023-07), p. 1600-1611
    Abstract: Working memory is the cognitive system that keeps a limited amount of information temporarily accessible for ongoing cognition. One proposed mechanism to keep information active in working memory is refreshing . Refreshing is assumed to operate serially, reactivating memory items one by one by bringing them into the focus of attention during retention. We report two experiments in which we examine evidence for the spontaneous occurrence of serial refreshing in verbal working memory (Experiment 1, using letters as memoranda) and in visuospatial working memory (Experiment 2, using locations as memoranda). Participants had to remember series of red memory items, and black probes were presented between these memory items, with each probe to be judged present in or absent from the list presented so far, as quickly as possible (i.e., the probe-span task). Response times to the probes were used to examine whether the content of the focus of attention changed over time, as would be expected if serial refreshing occurs spontaneously during interitem pauses. Contrary to this hypothesis, our results indicate that the last-presented memory item remained in the focus of attention during the interitem pauses of the probe-span tasks. These findings confirm the boundary conditions of spontaneous serial refreshing that were previously observed for verbal working memory and extend them to visuospatial working memory. Implications for working memory maintenance are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1943-3921 , 1943-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02624-x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2480891-X
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
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    Encode a Letter and Get Its Location for Free? Assessing Incidental Binding of Verbal and Spatial Features
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Brain Sciences Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2022-05-24), p. 685-
    Details
    In: Brain Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2022-05-24), p. 685-
    Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that when presented with a display of spatially arranged letters, participants seem to remember the letters’ locations when letters are the focus of a recognition test, but do not remember letters’ identity when locations are tested. This strong binding asymmetry suggests that encoding location may be obligatory when remembering letters, which requires explanation within theories of working memory. We report two studies in which participants focused either on remembering letters or locations for a short interval. At test, positive probes were either intact letter–location combinations or recombinations of an observed letter and another previously occupied location. Incidental binding is observed when intact probes are recognized more accurately or faster than recombined probes. Here, however, we observed no evidence of incidental binding of location to letter in either experiment, neither under conditions where participants focused on one feature exclusively for a block, nor where the to-be-remembered feature was revealed prior to encoding with a changing pre-cue, nor where the to-be-remembered feature was retro-cued and therefore unknown during encoding. Our results call into question the robustness of a strong, consistent binding asymmetry. They suggest that while incidental location-to-letter binding may sometimes occur, it is not obligatory.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060685
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 5
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    The use of attention to maintain information in working memory: A developmental investigation of spontaneous refreshing in school‐aged children
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Developmental Science Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2021-09)
    Details
    In: Developmental Science, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2021-09)
    Abstract: The capacity of working memory is limited and undergoes important developmental changes during childhood. One proposed reason for the expansion of working memory capacity during childhood is the emergence and increased efficiency of active maintenance mechanisms, such as that of refreshing . Refreshing is a proposed mechanism to keep information active in working memory by bringing memory items back into the focus of attention. One prevalent view is that the spontaneous use of refreshing emerges around the age of 7 and becomes more efficient during middle childhood and beyond. Using a novel approach to examine refreshing in children in Experiment 1, we show, against common conceptions, that simply giving free time in a basic working memory task does not lead to spontaneous refreshing in 9–12‐year‐old children. Instead, their focus of attention appears to linger on the last‐presented memory item, even when ample time for refreshing is provided. Experimentally imposing the use of refreshing in Experiment 2, however, showed that children in this age range are able to switch their focus of attention away from the last‐presented item in switch to another memory item. Thus, the current study uncovers that children in middle childhood do not always spontaneously switch attention away from the last‐presented memory item to refresh the entire list, even though they are able to switch attention away from the last‐presented memory item when instructed to do so. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1363-755X , 1467-7687
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/desc.v24.5
    DOI: 10.1111/desc.13104
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2023952-X
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Attentional refreshing of information in working memory: Increased immediate accessibility of just-refreshed representations
    Elsevier BV ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Memory and Language Vol. 96 ( 2017-10), p. 23-35
    Details
    In: Journal of Memory and Language, Elsevier BV, Vol. 96 ( 2017-10), p. 23-35
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0749-596X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2017.05.001
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    RVK:
    EQ 2690
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 7
    Online Resource
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    Attentional switching between perception and memory: Examining asymmetrical switch costs
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics Vol. 85, No. 5 ( 2023-07), p. 1398-1408
    Details
    In: Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 85, No. 5 ( 2023-07), p. 1398-1408
    Abstract: Attention can be defined as a mechanism for the selection and prioritization of elements among many. When attention is directed to a specific piece of information, this information is assumed to be in the focus of attention. On a day-to-day basis, we need to rely on efficient switching between information we are holding in working memory (internal modality) and information presented in the world around us (external modality). A recent set of studies investigated between-modality attentional switches and found that there is an asymmetrical switch cost for switching between the internal and external focus of attention (Verschooren et al., 2020, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 46 [9], 912–925; Verschooren, Liefooghe, et al., 2019a, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45 [10], 1399–1414). In particular, participants switched on a trial-by-trial basis between an internal task using stimuli retrieved from memory and an external task using on-screen presented stimuli. A larger cost was found when switching from the external modality towards the internal modality than the other way around. The authors found that this cost asymmetry could be best explained in terms of associative interference (i.e., differences in shielding efficiency against the memory traces from the competing task set). The present study aimed to replicate the asymmetrical switch cost (Experiment 1) and investigate whether an alternative explanation in terms of stimulus strength can account for the asymmetrical switch cost (Experiment 2). Overall, the results confirm the presence of a subtle, asymmetrical switch cost, but we observed little to no contribution of stimulus strength.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1943-3921 , 1943-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02665-w
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2480891-X
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
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    An examination of refreshing in between‐category sequences
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 1424, No. 1 ( 2018-07), p. 190-201
    Details
    In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Wiley, Vol. 1424, No. 1 ( 2018-07), p. 190-201
    Abstract: The present study focused on refreshing within a working memory (WM) context. Refreshing refers to the mechanism that brings back information into the focus of attention in order to counteract forgetting of memory traces. Despite some research on this topic, the exact nature of refreshing remains unclear. The present study investigated refreshing by means of the cognitive load (CL) effect. This effect is typically observed in complex span tasks, which combine processing and storage demands. It refers to the observation that WM performance depends on the CL of concurrent processing, defined as the proportion of time between list items that is occupied by concurrent processing and therefore not available to refresh memory items. Traditionally, the CL effect has been demonstrated using within‐category memory sequences in which all memory items are drawn from one category (e.g., all words). Here, we show that the CL effect also applies to between‐category memory sequences in which memory items are drawn from different categories (e.g., words, orientations, faces, etc.). The ensemble of the results adds to the domain‐generality of the CL effect. Implications concerning the specific nature of refreshing and future research directions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0077-8923 , 1749-6632
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/nyas.2018.1424.issue-1
    DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13702
    RVK:
    TD 7650
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 211003-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2071584-5
    SSG: 11
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  • 9
    Online Resource
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    On the sources of forgetting in working memory: The test of competing hypotheses
    SAGE Publications ; 2018
    In:  Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol. 71, No. 8 ( 2018-08), p. 1714-1733
    Details
    In: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, SAGE Publications, Vol. 71, No. 8 ( 2018-08), p. 1714-1733
    Abstract: Whether forgetting from working memory (WM) is only due to interference or is also caused by temporal decay is still a matter of debate. In the present study, this question was examined using complex span tasks in which each memory item was followed by a series of processing episodes, the duration and number of which were varied. It is known that recall performance in these tasks depends on the cognitive load ( CL) of concurrent processing conceived as the ratio between processing time and free time, higher CL resulting in lower spans. The decay-and-refresh hypothesis accounts for this effect by assuming that memory traces decay during processing but are refreshed during free time. This hypothesis predicts lower recall performance with longer processing episodes, but no effect of their number as long as CL remains constant. The interference-only hypothesis supposes that free time is used to alleviate the interference created by processing distractors. This hypothesis is potentially compatible with an effect of the duration of processing episodes through increased interference, but predicts a detrimental effect of their number. In three experiments, the recall pattern fitted the predictions of the decay-and-refresh hypothesis for verbal WM, but that of the interference-only hypothesis for visuospatial WM. Although the entire pattern of data is more easily accommodated by the decay-and-refresh hypothesis than by its interference-only contender, our results suggest that it is unwise to aim at identifying a unique source to a complex phenomenon like WM forgetting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1747-0218 , 1747-0226
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1358293
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2225936-3
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  • 10
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    Inhibition-of-return-like effects in working memory? A preregistered replication study of Johnson et al . (2013)
    The Royal Society ; 2021
    In:  Royal Society Open Science Vol. 8, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 210254-
    Details
    In: Royal Society Open Science, The Royal Society, Vol. 8, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 210254-
    Abstract: The present study concerns a preregistered replication of the study conducted by Johnson et al . (Johnson et al. 2013 Psychol. Sci. 24 , 1104–1112 ( doi:10.1177/0956797612466414 )), in which they showed an inhibition-of-return-like effect in working memory. Inhibition of return is a well-known phenomenon observed in the field of perception and refers to the observation that it takes longer to look back at a location which has recently been explored than to look at an unexplored location. Working memory is a central concept in the field of cognitive psychology and refers to the capacity to process and maintain information simultaneously over short periods of time. Johnson's study applied the inhibition of return paradigm to the concept of working memory. Their results showed that it is harder to access a working memory representation that had just been thought of, i.e. refreshed, in comparison to an unrefreshed working memory representation. Contrary to this study of Johnson et al ., who observed refreshing to result in inhibitory processes, most studies on refreshing have described its effect as increasing/prolonging the level of activation of the memory representations. In an attempt to integrate these opposite patterns produced by ‘refreshing’, we started by replicating one of the studies on the inhibition of return in working memory reported by Johnson et al .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2054-5703
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210254
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2787755-3
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