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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) Mission: Imaging the Chemistry of the Global Atmosphere
    American Meteorological Society ; 2022
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 103, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. E761-E790
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 103, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. E761-E790
    Abstract: This article provides an overview of the NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission and a summary of selected scientific findings to date. ATom was an airborne measurements and modeling campaign aimed at characterizing the composition and chemistry of the troposphere over the most remote regions of the Pacific, Southern, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans, and examining the impact of anthropogenic and natural emissions on a global scale. These remote regions dominate global chemical reactivity and are exceptionally important for global air quality and climate. ATom data provide the in situ measurements needed to understand the range of chemical species and their reactions, and to test satellite remote sensing observations and global models over large regions of the remote atmosphere. Lack of data in these regions, particularly over the oceans, has limited our understanding of how atmospheric composition is changing in response to shifting anthropogenic emissions and physical climate change. ATom was designed as a global-scale tomographic sampling mission with extensive geographic and seasonal coverage, tropospheric vertical profiling, and detailed speciation of reactive compounds and pollution tracers. ATom flew the NASA DC-8 research aircraft over four seasons to collect a comprehensive suite of measurements of gases, aerosols, and radical species from the remote troposphere and lower stratosphere on four global circuits from 2016 to 2018. Flights maintained near-continuous vertical profiling of 0.15–13-km altitudes on long meridional transects of the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins. Analysis and modeling of ATom data have led to the significant early findings highlighted here.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0315.1
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0315.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment: High-Altitude Aircraft Measurements in the Tropical Western Pacific
    American Meteorological Society ; 2017
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 98, No. 1 ( 2017-01-01), p. 129-143
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 98, No. 1 ( 2017-01-01), p. 129-143
    Abstract: The February–March 2014 deployment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX) provided unique in situ measurements in the western Pacific tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Six flights were conducted from Guam with the long-range, high-altitude, unmanned Global Hawk aircraft. The ATTREX Global Hawk payload provided measurements of water vapor, meteorological conditions, cloud properties, tracer and chemical radical concentrations, and radiative fluxes. The campaign was partially coincident with the Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) and the Coordinated Airborne Studies in the Tropics (CAST) airborne campaigns based in Guam using lower-altitude aircraft (see companion articles in this issue). The ATTREX dataset is being used for investigations of TTL cloud, transport, dynamical, and chemical processes, as well as for evaluation and improvement of global-model representations of TTL processes. The ATTREX data are publicly available online (at https://espoarchive.nasa.gov/).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00263.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reconstruction of O 3 and N 2 O fields from ER‐2, DC‐8, and balloon observations
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 521-524
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 521-524
    Abstract: Measurements of N 2 O and O 3 during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition have been composited using the potential vorticity and potential temperatire of each measurement as coordinates. For ozone, data sources included the ER‐2 and balloon ozonesonde in situ measurements, DC‐8 DIAL lidar, and SAGE satellite profiles. For N 2 O, only ER‐2 data were used. These chemical composites have been reconstructed onto average meteorological fields for the mission in a latitude‐altitude cross‐section, yielding a picture of the chemical composition of the polar vortex during this period. Tracers inside the vortex show an apparent descent of about 2 km relative to those outside, resulting in an apparent chemical edge on isentropic and isobaric surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL017i004p00521
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of atmospheric transport on column abundances of nitrogen and chlorine compounds in the Arctic stratosphere
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 533-536
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 533-536
    Abstract: In the absence of heterogeneous processes, distributions of NO y , HNO 3 , Cl x and HCl in the polar winter stratosphere should be determined by transport. A model simulating distributions of these species in the arctic for January and February 1989 is developed using observed fields of potential vorticity and potential temperature. Comparison of model results with column measurements from the DC‐8 indicates conversion of NO x to HNO 3 , condensation of HNO 3 , conversion of HCl to ClNO 3 , and conversion of HCl plus ClNO 3 to an unmeasured species. Heterogeneous processes strongly affect abundances of NO y and Cl x species in the winter arctic stratosphere.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL017i004p00533
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mixing events revealed by anomalous tracer relationships in the Arctic vortex during winter 1999/2000
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 107, No. D24 ( 2002-12-27)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 107, No. D24 ( 2002-12-27)
    Abstract: During the 1999/2000 Arctic winter SAGE III–Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign, high‐resolution, in situ tracer data measured aboard the NASA ER‐2 high‐altitude aircraft revealed anomalous mixing events within the polar vortex. From January to March 2000 in the 350–500 K potential temperature range, we found mixing events during 15% of the flight time on average with significant maxima at potential temperatures of 450, 410, and 380 K. The events were spread throughout the vortex but showed a distinct minimum at 73° N and a peak at 85°N equivalent latitude. About 60% of the observed mixing events were less than 13 km wide. Based on a case study of tracer‐tracer relationships, an objective simple method is introduced to detect such events using the linear nitrous oxide (N 2 O):potential temperature relationship observed deep in the vortex. Rigorous analysis and supporting evidence from total water data corroborated the validity of the method. These results suggest mixing across the polar vortex edge occurred preferentially in layers at select altitudes in the Arctic winter 1999/2000.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002380
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2002
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stratospheric constituent trends from ER‐2 profile data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 469-472
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 469-472
    Abstract: Trend analysis of the AASE ER‐2 profile data reveals an average decrease in N 2 O on potential temperature isentropes which can be attributed to diabatic cooling of inner vortex air. This conclusion is independently supported by radiative transfer computations. Trends in ozone and water vapor over the same period are not consistent with the magnitude of the diabatic descent. After accounting for the diabatic motion (estimated from N 2 O) an additional 0.44±.3%/day average anomalous O 3 decrease above 440 K (∼20 km) is needed to balance the continuity equation. This ozone decrease suggests additional photochemical destruction of ozone in the presence of the high amounts of ClO observed during the mission. A 0.4±0.3%/day average anomalous increase in H 2 O is also observed near 420 K (∼18 km) which may be due to the evaporation of ice crystals falling from higher, colder stratospheric layers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL017i004p00469
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trajectory modeling of emissions from lower stratospheric aircraft
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 100, No. D1 ( 1995-01-20), p. 1427-1438
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 100, No. D1 ( 1995-01-20), p. 1427-1438
    Abstract: A series of isentropic trajectory calculations has been performed for emissions by stratospheric aircraft moving across the northern midlatitude oceanic flight corridors. Emission of exhaust is simulated by the daily initialization of air parcels along a flight path on the 500 K isentropic surface. Parcels are tracked during the first three weeks of each January from 1980 to 1994 in order to determine the interannual variability in the spatial distribution of the exhaust and the likelihood of exposure to cold temperatures. Few parcels emitted along these flight paths at this time of year were found to have experienced nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) formation temperatures, except for the particularly cold Januarys 1986, 1987, and 1992. We also find that large zonal fluctuations in the distribution of the emissions are typical for this time of year and are strongly dependent on flight path. An extended 6‐month (January–June) run in which parcels were released daily along the New York–London route shows that emissions in the flight corridor increase at a time‐averaged rate which is nearly twice the rate at which the zonal average increases. In addition, local fluctuations of pollutant density can be several times higher than the zonal average and can persist for several weeks. A study of seasonal variability also shows a rapid buildup of emissions during the summer months. These elevated emission levels must be considered in the interpretation of environmental impact assessments based on two‐dimensional transport models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JD02752
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Loss of ozone in the Arctic vortex for the winter of 1989
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 561-564
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 561-564
    Abstract: Measurements of ClO (Brune et al., 1990) acquired during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition are used to infer concentrations of reactive chlorine (ClO+2 × Cl 2 O 2 ). Observed fields of potential temperature and potential vorticity are used to extrapolate in situ data to larger regions of the vortex. Calculated values of the loss rate of O 3 , based on estimates of reactive chlorine and measurements of BrO (Toohey et al., 1990), suggest that the loss of O 3 was about 12% for levels of the atmosphere with potential temperatures between 440 and 470 K over the 39 day duration of the ER‐2 flights into the polar vortex. Calculated loss rates agree with observed rates of removal of O 3 , although significant uncertainties exist for each.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL017i004p00561
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quasi‐biennial modulation of the Antarctic ozone depletion
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1989
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 94, No. D9 ( 1989-08-30), p. 11559-11571
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 94, No. D9 ( 1989-08-30), p. 11559-11571
    Abstract: The quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in total ozone and temperature has been extracted from 9 years of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) observations and National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses. Years in which QBO‐related variations in the total ozone and temperature are positive are found to correspond to years with smaller September Antarctic total ozone hole decline rates and vice versa. The QBO appears to be responsible for September decline rate deviations up to 0.4 Dobson units (DU) per day. Also, the QBO at mid‐latitudes appears to be better correlated with the 30‐mbar tropical QBO winds than with those at 50 mbar. Possible mechanisms that would explain these phenomena are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JD094iD09p11559
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1989
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Small‐scale waves encountered during AASE
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 349-352
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 1990-03), p. 349-352
    Abstract: Variability on scales of 200 km or less in the lower stratosphere is examined using potential temperature data collected during the AASE campaign. Enhanced variability is found over regions containing topography presumably due to gravity waves. The effect of gravity wave critical levels on topographically induced variability is examined. A significant reduction in variability is found when a critical level is present.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL017i004p00349
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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