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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding using Trace Chemistry
    Weather Modification Association ; 2016
    In:  The Journal of Weather Modification Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 2016-04-30), p. 24-42
    Details
    In: The Journal of Weather Modification, Weather Modification Association, Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 2016-04-30), p. 24-42
    Abstract: Glaciogenic cloud seeding with silver iodide (AgI) has been used to enhance precipitation for over 60 years. Assessments of AgI impact and dispersion are often quantified using atmospheric processes models with impact assessed by comparing models with and without inclusion of cloud seeding modules.  However, there is inherent uncertainty in these aerosol models and physical validation of AgI distribution is of value to both validate and improve model performance. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the capacity to physically validate the dispersion of AgI by measuring silver enrichments in snow.Field and laboratory methods were developed to detect trace seeding signatures in snowpack. Unique laboratory layout and protocols were developed to reduce contamination potential within a traditional ICP-MS laboratory setting (not housed in a Class 100 Clean Room). Using these methods, we sampled a series of snow profiles within the target area of active cloud seeding in the central mountains of Idaho. Our results demonstrate the ability the ability to reproduce distinct evidence of elevated Ag at concentrations at a hillslope (0.25 km2) and at the basin (2,400 km2) scale. The construction of 8 snow pits at one site (hillslope scale) and 6 sites along a 65 km transect (basin scale) reliably identified both of the seeded storm layers sampled. The location of the peaks in Ag concentration within the snow profiles generally corresponds in timing to known cloud seeding events. Distinct seeded storm layers were reliably identified seeding signatures more than 60 km from the AgI sources, where silver concentrations were only enhanced 1-3 parts per trillion. Ag enriched snow in these chemical profiles generally correspond to downwind target locations and AgI seeding times. 
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0739-1781 , 0739-1781
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.54782/jwm.v48i1.548
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Weather Modification Association
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2928716-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessment of Ground-Based and Aerial Cloud Seeding Using Trace Chemistry
    Hindawi Limited ; 2018
    In:  Advances in Meteorology Vol. 2018 ( 2018), p. 1-15
    Details
    In: Advances in Meteorology, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2018 ( 2018), p. 1-15
    Abstract: Targeting seedable clouds with silver iodide in complex terrain adds considerable uncertainty in weather modification studies. This study explores the geographic and temporal distribution of silver iodide associated with an active cloud seeding program in central Idaho snowpack using trace chemistry. Over 4,000 snow samples were analyzed for the presence of a cloud seeding silver iodide (AgI) signature over two winter seasons. The results indicate the following. ( 1 ) At sites within 70 km of AgI sources, silver enrichments were detected at 88% of cases involving seeding efforts from ground generators, but none from aircraft seeded cases. ( 2 ) Real-time snow collection methods were replicable within 0.41 ppt and confirmed seeding signatures for the entire duration of a seeded storm ( n = 3 ). ( 3 ) Sites sampled beyond 70 km of AgI sources ( n = 13 ) lacked detectable seeding signatures in snow. The results of this study demonstrate some of the strengths and limitations of chemical tracers to evaluate cloud seeding operations and provide observational data that can inform numerical simulations of these processes. The results also indicate that this chemical approach can be used to help constrain the spatiotemporal distribution of silver from cloud seeding efforts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1687-9309 , 1687-9317
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2018/7293987
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2486777-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reconstructing snowmelt in Idaho’s watershed using historic streamflow records
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2010
    In:  Climatic Change Vol. 98, No. 1-2 ( 2010-1), p. 155-176
    Details
    In: Climatic Change, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 98, No. 1-2 ( 2010-1), p. 155-176
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0165-0009 , 1573-1480
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-009-9651-x
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 751086-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477652-2
    SSG: 14
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vertical Motions in Orographic Cloud Systems over the Payette River Basin. Part III: An Evaluation of the Impact of Transient Vertical Motions on Targeting during Orographic Cloud Seeding Operations
    American Meteorological Society ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Vol. 61, No. 11 ( 2022-11), p. 1753-1777
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 61, No. 11 ( 2022-11), p. 1753-1777
    Abstract: In Part II, two classes of vertical motions, fixed (associated with vertically propagating gravity waves tied to flow over topography) and transient (associated primarily with vertical wind shear and conditional instability within passing weather systems), were diagnosed over the Payette River basin of Idaho during the Seeded and Natural Orographic Wintertime Clouds: The Idaho Experiment (SNOWIE). This paper compares vertical motions retrieved from airborne Doppler radial velocity measurements with those from a 900-m-resolution model simulation to determine the impact of transient vertical motions on trajectories of ice particles initiated by airborne cloud seeding. An orographic forcing index, developed to compare vertical motion fields retrieved from the radar with the model, showed that fixed vertical motions were well resolved by the model while transient vertical motions were not. Particle trajectories were calculated for 75 cross-sectional pairs, each differing only by the observed and modeled vertical motion field. Wind fields and particle terminal velocities were otherwise identical in both trajectories so that the impact of transient vertical circulations on particle trajectories could be isolated. In 66.7% of flight-leg pairs, the distance traveled by particles in the model and observations differed by less than 5 km with transient features having minimal impact. In 9.3% of the pairs, model and observation trajectories landed within the ideal target seeding elevation range ( 〉 2000 m), whereas, in 77.3% of the pairs, both trajectories landed below the ideal target elevation. Particles in the observations and model descended into valleys on the mountains’ lee sides in 94.2% of cases in which particles traveled less than 37 km.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0230.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227779-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227759-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A simplified approach for estimating soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in semi-arid complex terrain
    Elsevier BV ; 2011
    In:  Geoderma Vol. 165, No. 1 ( 2011-10), p. 1-11
    Details
    In: Geoderma, Elsevier BV, Vol. 165, No. 1 ( 2011-10), p. 1-11
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0016-7061
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.06.011
    RVK:
    RA 2235.4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 281080-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2001729-7
    SSG: 13
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Microphysical Characteristics and Evolution of Seeded Orographic Clouds
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Vol. 60, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 909-934
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 60, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 909-934
    Abstract: The spatial distribution and magnitude of snowfall resulting from cloud seeding with silver iodide (AgI) is closely linked to atmospheric conditions, seeding operations, and dynamical, thermodynamical, and microphysical processes. Here, microphysical processes leading to ice and snow production are analyzed in orographic clouds for three cloud-seeding events, each with light or no natural precipitation and well-defined, traceable seeding lines. Airborne and ground-based radar observations are linked to in situ cloud and precipitation measurements to determine the spatiotemporal evolution of ice initiation, particle growth, and snow fallout in seeded clouds. These processes and surface snow amounts are explored as particle plumes evolve from varying amounts of AgI released, and within changing environmental conditions, including changes in liquid water content (LWC) along and downwind of the seeding track, wind speed, and shear. More AgI did not necessarily produce more liquid equivalent snowfall (LESnow). The greatest amount of LESnow, largest area covered by snowfall, and highest peak snowfall produced through seeding occurred on the day with the largest and most widespread occurrence of supercooled drizzle, highest wind shear, and greater LWC along and downwind of the seeding track. The day with the least supercooled drizzle and the lowest LWC downwind of the seeding track produced the smallest amount of LESnow through seeding. The stronger the wind was, the farther away the snowfall occurred from the seeding track.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0206.1
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0206s1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227779-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227759-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vertical Motions in Orographic Cloud Systems over the Payette River Basin. Part 4: Controls on Supercooled Liquid Water Content and Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations
    American Meteorological Society ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ( 2023-08-10)
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, ( 2023-08-10)
    Abstract: This paper examines the controls on supercooled liquid water content ( SLWC ) and drop number concentrations ( N t ,CDP ) over the Payette River Basin during the SNOWIE campaign. During SNOWIE, 27.4% of 1 Hz in situ cloud droplet probe samples were in an environment containing supercooled liquid water (SLW). The interquartile range of SLWC , when present, was found to be 0.02-0.18 g m −3 , and 13.3−37.2 cm −3 for N t,CDP , with the most extreme values reaching 0.40−1.75 g m −3 and 150−320 cm −3 in isolated regions of convection and strong shear-induced turbulence. SLWC and N t,CDP distributions are shown to be directly related to cloud top temperature and ice particle concentrations, consistent with past research over other mountain ranges. Two classes of vertical motions were analyzed as potential controls on SLWC and N t,CDP , the first forced by the orography and fixed in space relative to the topography (stationary waves), and the second transient, triggered by vertical shear and instability within passing synoptic-scale cyclones. SLWC occurrence and magnitudes, and N t ,CDP associated with fixed updrafts were found to be normally distributed about ridgelines when SLW was present. SLW was more likely to form at low altitudes near the terrain slope associated with fixed waves due to higher mixing ratios and larger vertical air parcel displacements at low altitudes. When considering transient updrafts, SLWC and N t,CDP appear more uniformly distributed over the flight track with little discernable terrain dependence as a result of time and spatially varying updrafts associated with passing weather systems. The implications for cloud seeding over the basin are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-23-0080.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227779-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227759-6
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vertical Motions in Orographic Cloud Systems over the Payette River Basin. Part I: Recovery of Vertical Motions and Their Uncertainty from Airborne Doppler Radial Velocity Measurements
    American Meteorological Society ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Vol. 61, No. 11 ( 2022-11), p. 1713-1731
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 61, No. 11 ( 2022-11), p. 1713-1731
    Abstract: Vertical motions over the complex terrain of Idaho’s Payette River basin were observed by the Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) during 23 flights of the Wyoming King Air during the Seeded and Natural Orographic Wintertime Clouds: The Idaho Experiment (SNOWIE) field campaign. The WCR measured radial velocity V r , which includes the reflectivity-weighted terminal velocity of hydrometeors V t , vertical air velocity w , horizontal wind contributions as a result of aircraft attitude deviations, and aircraft motion. Aircraft motion was removed through standard processing. To retrieve vertical radial velocity W , V r was corrected using rawinsonde data and aircraft attitude measurements; w was then calculated by subtracting the mean W ( ) at a given height along a flight leg long enough for to equal the mean reflectivity-weighted terminal velocity at that height. The accuracy of the w and retrievals were dependent on satisfying assumptions along a given flight leg that the winds at a given altitude above/below the aircraft did not vary, the vertical air motions at a given altitude sum to 0 m s −1 , and at a given altitude did not vary. The uncertainty in the w retrieval associated with each assumption is evaluated. Case studies and a projectwide summary show that this methodology can provide estimates of w that closely match gust probe measurements of w at the aircraft level. Flight legs with little variation in equivalent reflectivity factor at a given height and large horizontal echo extent were associated with the least retrieval uncertainty. The greatest uncertainty occurred in regions with isolated convective turrets or at altitudes where split cloud layers were present.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0228.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227779-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227759-6
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pancreatitis-induced Acute Lung Injury : An ARDS Model
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 1988
    In:  Annals of Surgery Vol. 208, No. 1 ( 1988-07), p. 71-77
    Details
    In: Annals of Surgery, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 208, No. 1 ( 1988-07), p. 71-77
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-4932
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198807000-00010
    RVK:
    XA 23900
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 1988
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002200-1
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Precipitation formation from orographic cloud seeding
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2018
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 115, No. 6 ( 2018-02-06), p. 1168-1173
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, No. 6 ( 2018-02-06), p. 1168-1173
    Abstract: Throughout the western United States and other semiarid mountainous regions across the globe, water supplies are fed primarily through the melting of snowpack. Growing populations place higher demands on water, while warmer winters and earlier springs reduce its supply. Water managers are tantalized by the prospect of cloud seeding as a way to increase winter snowfall, thereby shifting the balance between water supply and demand. Little direct scientific evidence exists that confirms even the basic physical hypothesis upon which cloud seeding relies. The intent of glaciogenic seeding of orographic clouds is to introduce aerosol into a cloud to alter the natural development of cloud particles and enhance wintertime precipitation in a targeted region. The hypothesized chain of events begins with the introduction of silver iodide aerosol into cloud regions containing supercooled liquid water, leading to the nucleation of ice crystals, followed by ice particle growth to sizes sufficiently large such that snow falls to the ground. Despite numerous experiments spanning several decades, no direct observations of this process exist. Here, measurements from radars and aircraft-mounted cloud physics probes are presented that together show the initiation, growth, and fallout to the mountain surface of ice crystals resulting from glaciogenic seeding. These data, by themselves, do not address the question of cloud seeding efficacy, but rather form a critical set of observations necessary for such investigations. These observations are unambiguous and provide details of the physical chain of events following the introduction of glaciogenic cloud seeding aerosol into supercooled liquid orographic clouds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716995115
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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