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  • 1
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    Particle number to volume concentration ratios at two measurement sites in Finland
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 112, No. D4 ( 2007-02-28)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 112, No. D4 ( 2007-02-28)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2006JD007102
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 2
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    In situ cloud ground-based measurements in the Finnish sub-Arctic: intercomparison of three cloud spectrometer setups
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2020-09-29), p. 5129-5147
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2020-09-29), p. 5129-5147
    Abstract: Abstract. Continuous, semi-long-term, ground-based in situ cloud measurements were conducted during the Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE) in 2013. The measurements were carried out in Finnish sub-Arctic region at Sammaltunturi station (67∘58′ N, 24∘07′ E; 560 m a.s.l.), part of Pallas Atmosphere – Ecosystem Supersite and Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program. The main motivation of the campaign was to conduct in situ cloud measurements with three different cloud spectrometer probes and perform an evaluation of their ground-based setups. Therefore, we mutually compared the performance of the cloud and aerosol spectrometer (CAS), the cloud droplet probe (CDP) and the forward-scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP-100) (DMT; Boulder, CO, USA). We investigated how different meteorological parameters affect each instrument's ground-based setup operation and quantified possible biases and discrepancies of different microphysical cloud properties. Based on the obtained results we suggested limitations for further use of the instrument setups in campaigns where the focus is on investigating aerosol–cloud interactions. Measurements in this study were made by instruments owned by the Finnish Meteorological Institute and results concern their operation in sub-Arctic conditions with frequently occurring supercooled clouds. The measured parameter from each instrument was the size distribution, and additionally we derived the number concentration, the effective diameter, the median volume diameter and the liquid water content. A complete intercomparison between the CAS probe and the FSSP-100 ground setups and additionally between the FSSP-100 and the CDP probe ground setups was made and presented. Unfortunately, there was not a sufficient amount of common data to compare all three probes together due to operational problems of the CDP ground setup in sub-zero conditions. The CAS probe that was fixed to one direction lost a significant number of cloud droplets when the wind direction was out of wind iso-axial conditions in comparison with the FSSP-100 and the CDP, which were both placed on a rotating platform. We revealed that CAS and FSSP-100 had good agreement in deriving sizing parameters (effective diameter and median volume diameter from 5 to 35 µm) even though CAS was losing a significant amount of cloud droplets. The most sensitive derived parameter was liquid water content, which was strongly connected to the wind direction and temperature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-5129-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-5129-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 3
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    Optical and microphysical characterization of aerosol layers over South Africa by means of multi-wavelength depolarization and Raman lidar measurements
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 16, No. 13 ( 2016-07-05), p. 8109-8123
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 16, No. 13 ( 2016-07-05), p. 8109-8123
    Abstract: Abstract. Optical and microphysical properties of different aerosol types over South Africa measured with a multi-wavelength polarization Raman lidar are presented. This study could assist in bridging existing gaps relating to aerosol properties over South Africa, since limited long-term data of this type are available for this region. The observations were performed under the framework of the EUCAARI campaign in Elandsfontein. The multi-wavelength PollyXT Raman lidar system was used to determine vertical profiles of the aerosol optical properties, i.e. extinction and backscatter coefficients, Ångström exponents, lidar ratio and depolarization ratio. The mean microphysical aerosol properties, i.e. effective radius and single-scattering albedo, were retrieved with an advanced inversion algorithm. Clear differences were observed for the intensive optical properties of atmospheric layers of biomass burning and urban/industrial aerosols. Our results reveal a wide range of optical and microphysical parameters for biomass burning aerosols. This indicates probable mixing of biomass burning aerosols with desert dust particles, as well as the possible continuous influence of urban/industrial aerosol load in the region. The lidar ratio at 355 nm, the lidar ratio at 532 nm, the linear particle depolarization ratio at 355 nm and the extinction-related Ångström exponent from 355 to 532 nm were 52 ± 7 sr, 41 ± 13 sr, 0.9 ± 0.4 % and 2.3 ± 0.5, respectively, for urban/industrial aerosols, while these values were 92 ± 10 sr, 75 ± 14 sr, 3.2 ± 1.3 % and 1.7 ± 0.3, respectively, for biomass burning aerosol layers. Biomass burning particles are larger and slightly less absorbing compared to urban/industrial aerosols. The particle effective radius were found to be 0.10 ± 0.03, 0.17 ± 0.04 and 0.13 ± 0.03 µm for urban/industrial, biomass burning, and mixed aerosols, respectively, while the single-scattering albedo at 532 nm was 0.87 ± 0.06, 0.90 ± 0.06, and 0.88 ± 0.07 (at 532 nm), respectively, for these three types of aerosols. Our results were within the same range of previously reported values.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-8109-2016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 4
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    The automated multiwavelength Raman polarization and water-vapor lidar Polly〈sup〉XT〈/sup〉: the neXT generation
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2016-04-25), p. 1767-1784
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2016-04-25), p. 1767-1784
    Abstract: Abstract. The atmospheric science community demands autonomous and quality-assured vertically resolved measurements of aerosol and cloud properties. For this purpose, a portable lidar called Polly was developed at TROPOS in 2003. The lidar system was continuously improved with gained experience from the EARLINET community, involvement in worldwide field campaigns, and international institute collaborations within the last 10 years. Here we present recent changes of the setup of the portable multiwavelength Raman and polarization lidar PollyXT and discuss the improved capabilities of the system by means of a case study. The latest system developments include an additional near-range receiver unit for Raman measurements of the backscatter and extinction coefficient down to 120 m above ground, a water-vapor channel, and channels for simultaneous measurements of the particle linear depolarization ratio at 355 and 532 nm. Quality improvements were achieved by systematically following the EARLINET guidelines and the international PollyNET quality assurance developments. A modified ship radar ensures measurements in agreement with air-traffic safety regulations and allows for 24∕7 monitoring of the atmospheric state with PollyXT.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-1767-2016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 5
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    Optical characterization of pure pollen types using a multi-wavelength Raman polarization lidar
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 20, No. 23 ( 2020-12-10), p. 15323-15339
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 20, No. 23 ( 2020-12-10), p. 15323-15339
    Abstract: Abstract. We present a novel algorithm for characterizing the optical properties of pure pollen particles, based on the depolarization ratio values obtained in lidar measurements. The algorithm was first tested and validated through a simulator and then applied to the lidar observations during a 4-month pollen campaign from May to August 2016 at the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) station in Kuopio (62∘44′ N, 27∘33′ E), in Eastern Finland. With a Burkard sampler, 20 types of pollen were observed and identified from concurrent measurements, with birch (Betula), pine (Pinus), spruce (Picea), and nettle (Urtica) pollen being the most abundant, contributing more than 90 % of the total pollen load, regarding number concentrations. Mean values of lidar-derived optical properties in the pollen layer were retrieved for four intense pollination periods (IPPs). Lidar ratios at both 355 and 532 nm ranged from 55 to 70 sr for all pollen types, without significant wavelength dependence. An enhanced depolarization ratio was found when there were pollen grains in the atmosphere, and an even higher depolarization ratio (with mean values of 0.25 or 0.14) was observed with the presence of the more non-spherical spruce or pine pollen. Under the assumption that the backscatter-related Ångström exponent between 355 and 532 nm should be zero for pure pollen, the depolarization ratio of pure pollen particles at 532 nm was assessed, resulting in 0.24±0.01 and 0.36±0.01 for birch and pine pollen, respectively. Pollen optical properties at 1064 and 355 nm were also estimated. The backscatter-related Ångström exponent between 532 and 1064 nm was assessed to be ∼0.8 (∼0.5) for pure birch (pine) pollen; thus the longer wavelength would be a better choice to trace pollen in the air. Pollen depolarization ratios of 0.17 and 0.30 at 355 nm were found for birch and pine pollen, respectively. The depolarization values show a wavelength dependence for pollen. This can be the key parameter for pollen detection and characterization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-15323-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-15323-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
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    Mass concentration estimates of long-range-transported Canadian biomass burning aerosols from a multi-wavelength Raman polarization lidar and a ceilometer in Finland
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2021-09-24), p. 6159-6179
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2021-09-24), p. 6159-6179
    Abstract: Abstract. A quantitative comparison study for Raman lidar and ceilometer observations, and for model simulations of mass concentration estimates of smoke particles is presented. Layers of biomass burning aerosol particles were observed in the lower troposphere, at 2 to 5 km height on 4 to 6 June 2019, over Kuopio, Finland. These long-range-transported smoke particles originated from a Canadian wildfire event. The most pronounced smoke plume detected on 5 June was intensively investigated. Optical properties were retrieved from the multi-wavelength Raman polarization lidar PollyXT. Particle linear depolarization ratios (PDRs) of this plume were measured to be 0.08±0.02 at 355 nm and 0.05±0.01 at 532 nm, suggesting the presence of partly coated soot particles or particles that have mixed with a small amount of dust or other non-spherical aerosol type. The layer-mean PDR at 355 nm (532 nm) decreased during the day from ∼0.11 (0.06) in the morning to ∼0.05 (0.04) in the evening; this decrease with time could be linked to the particle aging and related changes in the smoke particle shape properties. Lidar ratios were derived as 47±5 sr at 355 nm and 71±5 sr at 532 nm. A complete ceilometer data processing for a Vaisala CL51 ceilometer is presented from a sensor-provided attenuated backscatter coefficient to particle mass concentration (including the water vapor correction for high latitude for the first time). Aerosol backscatter coefficients (BSCs) were measured at four wavelengths (355, 532, 1064 nm from PollyXT and 910 nm from CL51). Two methods, based on a combined lidar and sun-photometer approach, are applied for mass concentration estimations from both PollyXT and the ceilometer CL51 observations. In the first method, no. 1, we used converted BSCs at 532 nm (from measured BSCs) by corresponding measured backscatter-related Ångström exponents, whereas in the second method, no. 2, we used measured BSCs at each wavelength independently. A difference of ∼12 % or ∼36 % was found between PollyXT and CL51 estimated mass concentrations using method no. 1 or no. 2, showing the potential of mass concentration estimates from a ceilometer. Ceilometer estimations have an uncertainty of ∼50 % in the mass retrieval, but the potential of the data lies in the great spatial coverage of these instruments. The mass retrievals were compared with the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) meteorological and aerosol reanalysis. The inclusion of dust (as indicated by MERRA-2 data) in the retrieved mass concentration is negligible considering the uncertainties, which also shows that ceilometer observations for mass retrievals can be used even without exact knowledge of the composition of the smoke-dominated aerosol plume in the troposphere.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-6159-2021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 7
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    Pollen observations at four EARLINET stations during the ACTRIS-COVID-19 campaign
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 22, No. 6 ( 2022-03-28), p. 3931-3944
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 22, No. 6 ( 2022-03-28), p. 3931-3944
    Abstract: Abstract. Lidar observations were analysed to characterize atmospheric pollen at four EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) stations (Hohenpeißenberg, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Leipzig, Germany; and Warsaw, Poland) during the ACTRIS (Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure) COVID-19 campaign in May 2020. The reanalysis (fully quality-assured) lidar data products, after the centralized and automatic data processing with the Single Calculus Chain (SCC), were used in this study, focusing on particle backscatter coefficients at 355 and 532 nm and particle linear depolarization ratios (PDRs) at 532 nm. A novel method for the characterization of the pure pollen depolarization ratio was presented, based on the non-linear least square regression fitting using lidar-derived backscatter-related Ångström exponents (BAEs) and PDRs. Under the assumption that the BAE between 355 and 532 nm should be zero (±0.5) for pure pollen, the pollen depolarization ratios were estimated: for Kuopio and Warsaw stations, the pollen depolarization ratios at 532 nm were of 0.24 (0.19–0.28) during the birch-dominant pollen periods, whereas for Hohenpeißenberg and Leipzig stations, the pollen depolarization ratios of 0.21 (0.15–0.27) and 0.20 (0.15–0.25) were observed for periods of mixture of birch and grass pollen. The method was also applied for the aerosol classification, using two case examples from the campaign periods; the different pollen types (or pollen mixtures) were identified at Warsaw station, and dust and pollen were classified at Hohenpeißenberg station.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-3931-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-3931-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    Variability in cirrus cloud properties using a Polly〈sup〉XT〈/sup〉 Raman lidar over high and tropical latitudes
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2020-04-17), p. 4427-4444
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2020-04-17), p. 4427-4444
    Abstract: Abstract. Measurements of geometrical and optical properties of cirrus clouds, performed with a multi-wavelength PollyXT Raman lidar during the period 2008 to 2016, are analysed. The measurements were performed with the same instrument, during sequential periods, in three places at different latitudes, Gwal Pahari (28.43∘ N, 77.15∘ E; 243 m a.s.l.) in India, Elandsfontein (26.25∘ S, 29.43∘ E; 1745 m a.s.l.) in South Africa and Kuopio (62.74∘ N, 27.54∘ E; 190 m a.s.l.) in Finland. The lidar dataset was processed by an automatic cirrus cloud masking algorithm, developed in the frame of this work. In the following, we present a statistical analysis of the lidar-retrieved geometrical characteristics (cloud boundaries, geometrical thickness) and optical properties of cirrus clouds (cloud optical depth, lidar ratio, ice crystal depolarisation ratio) measured over the three areas that correspond to subtropical and subarctic regions as well as their seasonal variability. The effect of multiple scattering from ice particles to the derived optical products is also considered and corrected in this study. Our results show that cirrus layers, which have a noticeable monthly variability, were observed between 6.5 and 13 km, with temperatures ranging from −72 to −27 ∘C. The observed differences on cirrus clouds' geometrical and optical properties over the three regions are discussed in terms of latitudinal and temperature dependence. The latitudinal dependence of the geometrical properties is consistent with satellite observations, following the pattern observed with CloudSat, with decreasing values towards the poles. The geometrical boundaries have their highest values in the subtropical regions, and overall, our results seem to demonstrate that subarctic cirrus clouds are colder, lower and optically thinner than subtropical cirrus clouds. The dependence of cirrus cloud geometrical thickness and optical properties on mid-cirrus temperatures shows a quite similar tendency for the three sites but less variability for the subarctic dataset. Cirrus clouds are geometrically and optically thicker at temperatures between −45 and −35 ∘C, and a second peak is observed at lower temperatures ∼-70 ∘C for the subarctic site. Lidar ratio values also exhibit a pattern, showing higher values moving toward the poles, with higher mean values observed over the subarctic site. The dependency of the mid-cirrus temperatures on the lidar ratio values and the particle depolarisation values is further examined. Our study shows that the highest values of the cirrus lidar ratio correspond to higher values of cirrus depolarisation and warmer cirrus. The kind of information presented here can be rather useful in the cirrus parameterisations required as input to radiative transfer models and can be a complementary tool for satellite products that cannot provide cloud vertical structure. In addition, ground-based statistics of the cirrus properties could be useful in the validation and improvement of the corresponding derived products from satellite retrievals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4427-2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 9
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    Particle emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine as ice nuclei in immersion freezing mode: a laboratory study on fossil and renewable fuels
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2022-02-02), p. 1615-1631
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2022-02-02), p. 1615-1631
    Abstract: Abstract. We studied ice-nucleating abilities of particulate emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine using three different types of fuel. The polydisperse particle emissions were sampled during engine operation and introduced to a continuous-flow diffusion chamber (CFDC) instrument at a constant relative humidity RHwater=110 %, while the temperature was ramped between −43 and −32 ∘C (T scan). The tested fuels were EN 590 compliant low-sulfur fossil diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and rapeseed methyl ester (RME); all were tested without blending. Sampling was carried out at different stages in the engine exhaust aftertreatment system, with and without simulated atmospheric processing using an oxidation flow reactor. In addition to ice nucleation experiments, we used supportive instrumentation to characterize the emitted particles for their physicochemical properties and presented six parameters. We found that the studied emissions contained no significant concentrations of ice-nucleating particles likely to be of atmospheric relevance. The substitution of fossil diesel with renewable fuels, using different emission aftertreatment systems such as a diesel oxidation catalyst, and photochemical aging of total exhaust had only minor effect on their ice-nucleating abilities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-1615-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
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    Aerosol–landscape–cloud interaction: signatures of topography effect on cloud droplet formation
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 17, No. 12 ( 2017-06-30), p. 7955-7964
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 17, No. 12 ( 2017-06-30), p. 7955-7964
    Abstract: Abstract. Long-term in situ measurements of aerosol–cloud interactions are usually performed in measurement stations residing on hills, mountains, or high towers. In such conditions, the surface topography of the surrounding area can affect the measured cloud droplet distributions by increasing turbulence or causing orographic flows and thus the observations might not be representative for a larger scale. The objective of this work is to analyse, how the local topography affects the observations at Puijo measurement station, which is located in the 75 m high Puijo tower, which itself stands on a 150 m high hill. The analysis of the measurement data shows that the observed cloud droplet number concentration mainly depends on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. However, when the wind direction aligns with the direction of the steepest slope of the hill, a clear topography effect is observed. This finding was further analysed by simulating 3-D flow fields around the station and by performing trajectory ensemble modelling of aerosol- and wind-dependent cloud droplet formation. The results showed that in typical conditions, with geostrophic winds of about 10 m s−1, the hill can cause updrafts of up to 1 m s−1 in the air parcels arriving at the station. This is enough to produce in-cloud supersaturations (SSs) higher than typically found at the cloud base of  ∼  0.2 %), and thus additional cloud droplets may form inside the cloud. In the observations, this is seen in the form of a bimodal cloud droplet size distribution. The effect is strongest with high winds across the steepest slope of the hill and with low liquid water contents, and its relative importance quickly decreases as these conditions are relaxed. We therefore conclude that, after careful screening for wind speed and liquid water content, the observations at Puijo measurement station can be considered representative for clouds in a boreal environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-7955-2017
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
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