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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global shifts in the phenological synchrony of species interactions over recent decades
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2018
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 115, No. 20 ( 2018-05-15), p. 5211-5216
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, No. 20 ( 2018-05-15), p. 5211-5216
    Abstract: Phenological responses to climate change (e.g., earlier leaf-out or egg hatch date) are now well documented and clearly linked to rising temperatures in recent decades. Such shifts in the phenologies of interacting species may lead to shifts in their synchrony, with cascading community and ecosystem consequences. To date, single-system studies have provided no clear picture, either finding synchrony shifts may be extremely prevalent [Mayor SJ, et al. (2017) Sci Rep 7:1902] or relatively uncommon [Iler AM, et al. (2013) Glob Chang Biol 19:2348–2359], suggesting that shifts toward asynchrony may be infrequent. A meta-analytic approach would provide insights into global trends and how they are linked to climate change. We compared phenological shifts among pairwise species interactions (e.g., predator–prey) using published long-term time-series data of phenological events from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems across four continents since 1951 to determine whether recent climate change has led to overall shifts in synchrony. We show that the relative timing of key life cycle events of interacting species has changed significantly over the past 35 years. Further, by comparing the period before major climate change (pre-1980s) and after, we show that estimated changes in phenology and synchrony are greater in recent decades. However, there has been no consistent trend in the direction of these changes. Our findings show that there have been shifts in the timing of interacting species in recent decades; the next challenges are to improve our ability to predict the direction of change and understand the full consequences for communities and ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714511115
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 2
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    Using insect natural history collections to study global change impacts: challenges and opportunities
    The Royal Society ; 2019
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 374, No. 1763 ( 2019-01-07), p. 20170405-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 374, No. 1763 ( 2019-01-07), p. 20170405-
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, natural history collections (NHCs) have played an increasingly prominent role in global change research, but they have still greater potential, especially for the most diverse group of animals on Earth: insects. Here, we review the role of NHCs in advancing our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary responses of insects to recent global changes. Insect NHCs have helped document changes in insects' geographical distributions, phenology, phenotypic and genotypic traits over time periods up to a century. Recent work demonstrates the enormous potential of NHCs data for examining insect responses at multiple temporal, spatial and phylogenetic scales. Moving forward, insect NHCs offer unique opportunities to examine the morphological, chemical and genomic information in each specimen, thus advancing our understanding of the processes underlying species’ ecological and evolutionary responses to rapid, widespread global changes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the anthropocene’.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0405
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2019
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
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  • 3
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    The effects of experimental warming on the timing of a plant–insect herbivore interaction
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Journal of Animal Ecology Vol. 84, No. 3 ( 2015-05), p. 785-796
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 84, No. 3 ( 2015-05), p. 785-796
    Abstract: The phenology of many species is shifting in response to climatic changes, and these shifts are occurring at varying rates across species. This can potentially affect species' interactions and individual fitness. However, few studies have experimentally tested the influence of warming on the timing of species interactions. This is an important gap in the literature given the potential for different direct and indirect effects of temperature via phenological change. Our aim was to test the effects of warming on the western tent caterpillar ( Malacosoma californicum pluviale ). In addition to the direct effects of warming, we considered the two primary indirect effects mediated by warming‐driven changes in its host plant, red alder ( Alnus rubra) : changes in resource availability due to phenological mismatch (i.e. changes in the relative timing of the interaction), and changes in resource quality associated with leaf maturation. We experimentally warmed egg masses and larvae of the western tent caterpillar placed on branches of red alder in the field. Warming advanced the timing of larval but not leaf emergence. This led to varying degrees of phenological mismatch, with larvae emerging as much as 25 days before to 10 days after the emergence of leaves. Even the earliest‐emerging larvae, however, had high survival in the absence of leaves for up to 3 weeks, and they were surprisingly resistant to starvation. In addition, although warming created phenological mismatch that initially slowed the development of larvae that emerged before leaf emergence, it accelerated larval development once leaves were available. Therefore, warming had no net effect on our measures of insect performance. Our results demonstrate that the indirect effects of warming, in creating phenological mismatch, are as important to consider as the direct effects on insect performance. Although future climatic warming might influence plants and insects in different ways, some insects may be well adapted to variation in the timing of their interactions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8790 , 1365-2656
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jane.2015.84.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12328
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 4
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    The mechanisms of phenology: the patterns and processes of phenological shifts
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Ecological Monographs Vol. 89, No. 1 ( 2019-02)
    Details
    In: Ecological Monographs, Wiley, Vol. 89, No. 1 ( 2019-02)
    Abstract: Species across a wide range of taxa and habitats are shifting phenological events in response to climate change. While advances are common, shifts vary in magnitude and direction within and among species, and the basis for this variation is relatively unknown. We examine previously suggested patterns of variation in phenological shifts in order to understand the cue–response mechanisms that underlie phenological change. Here, we review what is known about the mechanistic basis for nine factors proposed to predict phenological change (latitude, elevation, habitat type, trophic level, migratory strategy, ecological specialization, species’ seasonality, thermoregulatory mode, and generation time). We find that many studies either do not identify a specific underlying mechanism or do not evaluate alternative mechanistic hypotheses, limiting the ability of scientists to predict future responses to global change with accuracy. We present a conceptual framework that emphasizes a critical distinction between environmental (cue‐driven) and organismal (response‐driven) mechanisms causing variation in phenological shifts and discuss how this distinction can reduce confusion in the field and improve predictions of future phenological change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9615 , 1557-7015
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecm.2019.89.issue-1
    DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1337
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010129-6
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    SSG: 14
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  • 5
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    Low prevalence of the parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha at the range edge of the eastern North American monarch ( Danaus plexippus ) butterfly population
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Canadian Journal of Zoology Vol. 99, No. 5 ( 2021-05), p. 409-413
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Zoology, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 99, No. 5 ( 2021-05), p. 409-413
    Abstract: Every year monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)) from the eastern North American population migrate from Mexico to southern Canada in the spring. This northward migration has been shown to reduce monarch infection with the host-specific parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha McLaughlin and Myers, 1970 (OE); yet, the prevalence of OE at their range limits and the mechanism(s) responsible are unknown. We assessed OE infection levels of monarchs at the northern edge of the eastern population distribution around Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and found extremely low levels of infection (∼1% with upper confidence intervals close to 3%). Low OE infection levels are likely due to low densities of monarchs in this region and (or) migratory escape effects, where migrating individuals leave behind areas with high density of conspecifics and high potential for parasite accumulation and transmission. Future work should aim to disentangle the relative contribution of these two mechanisms for governing the decrease in parasitism at the range limits of migratory populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4301 , 1480-3283
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0175
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 6
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    Tent caterpillars are robust to variation in leaf phenology and quality in two thermal environments
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  Bulletin of Entomological Research Vol. 103, No. 5 ( 2013-10), p. 522-529
    Details
    In: Bulletin of Entomological Research, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 103, No. 5 ( 2013-10), p. 522-529
    Abstract: The synchrony between emergence of spring-active, insect herbivores and the budburst of their host plants could be affected by warming temperatures with influences on the availability and quality of foliage as it undergoes physical and chemical changes. This can affect the growth and survival of insects. Here, we used sun-exposed and shaded trees to determine whether the synchrony between egg hatch of western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum pluviale Dyar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and budburst of its host red alder, Alnus rubra Bongard (Betulaceae) changes with different thermal environments (temperature and light together). To explore the potential outcome of a shift in phenological synchrony, we used laboratory assays of larval growth and survival to determine the effect of variation in young, youthful and mature leaves from sun-exposed and shaded trees. While the average higher temperature of sun-exposed trees advanced the timing of budburst and egg hatch, synchrony was not disrupted. Leaf quality had no significant influence on growth or survival in the laboratory for early instars reared as family groups. Later instar larvae, however, performed best on mature leaves from sun-exposed trees. The robust relationship between leaf and larval development of western tent caterpillars suggests that warming climates may not have a strong negative impact on their success through shifts in phenological synchrony, but might influence other aspects of leaf quality and larval condition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-4853 , 1475-2670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007485312000892
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496538-0
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  • 7
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    Eastern monarch larval performance may not be affected by shifts in phenological synchrony with milkweed
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08)
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08)
    Abstract: Interacting species are experiencing disruptions in the relative timing of their key life‐history events due to climate change. These shifts can sometimes be detrimental to the fitness of the consumer in trophic interactions but not always. The potential consequences of phenological asynchrony for the monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) and its host plant ( Asclepias spp.) have not been well‐studied. Given that plants generally undergo seasonal declines in quality, if climate change delays the timing of the larval stage relative to the availability of younger milkweed plants, monarch performance could be negatively affected. Here, we explore the potential consequences for the eastern monarch population due to probable asynchrony with milkweed. We used field surveys around Ottawa, Canada, to determine monarch oviposition preference on common milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca ) plants and the seasonal availability of these plants. To determine the potential fitness consequences when females oviposit on nonpreferred plants, we conducted a field experiment to assess the effect of milkweed size on monarch larval performance (e.g., development time and final size). Preferred oviposition plants (earlier stages of development and better condition) were consistently available in large proportion over the summer season. We also found that declines in leaf quality (more latex and thicker leaves) with plant size did not translate into decreases in larval performance. Our results suggest that even if asynchrony of the monarch–milkweed interaction occurs due to climate change, the larval stage of the eastern monarch may not face negative consequences. Future studies should determine how the relative timing of the interaction will change in the region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.v12.8
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9131
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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  • 8
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    Flowering phenology influences butterfly nectar foraging on non‐native plants in an oak savanna
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Ecology Vol. 104, No. 4 ( 2023-04)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 104, No. 4 ( 2023-04)
    Abstract: The negative impacts of non‐native species have been well documented, but some non‐natives can play a positive role in native ecosystems. One way that non‐native plants can positively interact with native butterflies is by provisioning nectar. Relatively little is known about the role of phenology in determining native butterfly visitation to non‐native plants for nectar, yet flowering time directly controls nectar availability. Here we investigate the phenological patterns of flowering by native and non‐native plants and nectar foraging by native butterflies in an oak savanna on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We also test whether native butterflies select nectar sources in proportion to their availability. We found that non‐native plants were well integrated into butterfly nectar diets (83% of foraging observations) and that visitation to non‐natives increased later in the season when native plants were no longer flowering. We also found that butterflies selected non‐native flowers more often than expected based on their availability, suggesting that these plants represent a potentially valuable resource. Our study shows that non‐native species have the potential to drive key species interactions in seasonal ecosystems. Management regimes focused on eradicating non‐native species may need to reconsider their aims and evaluate resources that non‐natives provide.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v104.4
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4004
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
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  • 9
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    Disconnects between ecological theory and data in phenological mismatch research
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Nature Climate Change Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 406-415
    Details
    In: Nature Climate Change, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 406-415
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1758-678X , 1758-6798
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-0752-x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2614383-5
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  • 10
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    Lack of evidence for the match‐mismatch hypothesis across terrestrial trophic interactions
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Ecology Letters Vol. 26, No. 6 ( 2023-06), p. 955-964
    Details
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 26, No. 6 ( 2023-06), p. 955-964
    Abstract: Climate change has led to widespread shifts in the timing of key life history events between interacting species (phenological asynchrony) with hypothesized cascading negative fitness impacts on one or more of the interacting species—often termed ‘mismatch’. Yet, predicting the types of systems prone to mismatch remains a major hurdle. Recent reviews have argued that many studies do not provide strong evidence of the underlying match‐mismatch hypothesis, but none have quantitatively analysed support for it. Here, we test the hypothesis by estimating the prevalence of mismatch across antagonistic trophic interactions in terrestrial systems and then examine whether studies that meet the assumptions of the hypothesis are more likely to find a mismatch. Despite a large range of synchrony to asynchrony, we did not find general support for the hypothesis. Our results thus question the general applicability of this hypothesis in terrestrial systems, but they also suggest specific types of data missing to robustly refute it. We highlight the critical need to define resource seasonality and the window of ‘match’ for the most rigorous tests of the hypothesis. Such efforts are necessary if we want to predict systems where mismatches are likely to occur.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.v26.6
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.14185
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1441608-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
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