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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Potential of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel as Renewable Fuel in Combustion Engines: A Review
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Energies Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2021-04-29), p. 2565-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2021-04-29), p. 2565-
    Abstract: As non-renewable conventional fossil fuel sources are depleting day by day, researchers are continually finding new ways of producing and utilizing alternative, renewable, and reliable fuels. Due to conventional technologies, the environment has been degraded seriously, which profoundly impacts life on earth. To reduce the emissions caused by running the compression ignition engines, waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel is one of the best alternative fuels locally available in all parts of the world. Different study results are reviewed with a clear focus on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics, and the impact on engine durability. Moreover, the environmental and economic impacts are also reviewed in this study. When determining the combustion characteristics of WCO biodiesel, the cylinder peak pressure value increases and the heat release rate and ignition delay period decreases. In performance characteristics, brake-specific fuel consumption increases while brake-specific energy consumption, brake power, and torque decrease. WCO biodiesel cuts down the emissions value by 85% due to decreased hydrocarbon, SO2, CO, and smoke emissions in the exhaust that will effectively save the environment. However, CO2 and NOx generally increase when compared to diesel. The overall economic impact of production on the utilization of this resource is also elaborated. The results show that the use of WCO biodiesel is technically, economically, environmentally, and tribologically appropriate for any diesel engine.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en14092565
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Efficient Parallel Configuration Based Six Degree of Freedom Machining Bed
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Energies Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2021-05-05), p. 2642-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2021-05-05), p. 2642-
    Abstract: The process of material removal from a workpiece to obtain the desired shape is termed machining. Present-day material removal technologies have high spindle speeds and thus allow quick material removal. These high-speed spindles are highly exposed to vibrations and, as a result, the accuracy of the final workpiece’s dimensions is compromised. To overcome this problem, the motion of the tool is restricted, and multiple degrees of freedom are given through the motion of the workpiece in different axes. A machining bed configured as a parallel manipulator capable of giving six degrees of freedom (DOF) to the workpiece is proposed in this regard. However, the proposed six DOF machining bed should be energy efficient to avoid an increase in machining cost. The benefit of using the proposed configuration is a reduction in dimensional error and computational time which, as a result, reduces the energy utilization, vibrations, and machining time in practice. This paper presents kinematics, dynamics and energy efficiency models, and the development of the proposed configuration of the machining bed. The energy efficiency model is derived from the dynamics model. The models are verified in simulation and experimentally. To minimize error and computation time, a PID controller is also designed and tested in simulation as well as experimentally. The resulting energy efficiency is also analyzed. The results verify the efficacy of the proposed configuration of the machining bed, minimizing position error to 2% and reducing computation time by 27%, hence reducing the energy consumption and enhancing the energy efficiency by 60%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en14092642
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Study of Hot Climate Low-Cost Low-Energy Eco-Friendly Building Envelope with Embedded Phase Change Material
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Energies Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2021-06-14), p. 3544-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2021-06-14), p. 3544-
    Abstract: The generation and use of energy are significant contributors to CO2 emissions. Globally, approximately 30% to 40% of all energy consumption can be directly or indirectly linked to buildings. Nearly half of energy usage in buildings is linked to maintaining the thermal comfort of the inhabitants. Therefore, finding solutions that are not only technically but also economically feasible is of utmost importance. Though much research has been conducted to address this issue, most solutions are still costly for developing countries to implement practically. This study endeavors to find a less expensive yet straightforward methodology to achieve thermal comfort while conserving energy. This study takes a broader view of multiple habitat-related CO2 emission issues in developing regions and describes a hybrid solution to address them. New technologies and innovative concepts are being globally examined to benefit from the considerable potential of PCMs and their role in thermal energy storage (TES) applications for buildings. The current study numerically investigates the thermal response of a hybrid building envelope consisting of PCM and local organic waste materials for low-cost low-energy buildings. The local organic waste materials used are those whose disposal is usually done by burning, resulting in an immense amount of greenhouse gases. In the first phase, different waste materials are characterized to determine their thermophysical properties. In the second phase, a low-cost, commonly available PCM calcium chloride hexahydrate, CaCl2·6H2O, is integrated with a brick and corn husk wall to enhance the thermal storage in the building envelope to minimize energy consumption. Temperature distribution plots are primarily used for analysis. The results show a marked improvement in thermal comfort by maintaining a maximum indoor temperature of 27 °C when construction is performed with a 6% corn husk composite material embedded with the PCM, while under similar conditions, the standard brick construction maintained a 31 °C indoor temperature. It is concluded that the integration of the PCM layer with the corn husk wall provides an adequate solution for low-cost and low-energy buildings.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en14123544
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Baseline-Free Modal Strain Energy Method for Damage Localisation
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Civil Engineering Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 2018-6), p. 607-618
    Details
    In: International Journal of Civil Engineering, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 2018-6), p. 607-618
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1735-0522 , 2383-3874
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s40999-017-0149-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2853422-0
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Intelligent Hybrid Control to Enhance Applicability of Mobile Robots in Cluttered Environments
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; 2021
    In:  IEEE Access Vol. 9 ( 2021), p. 50151-50162
    Details
    In: IEEE Access, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Vol. 9 ( 2021), p. 50151-50162
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-3536
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068988
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2687964-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Workspace Design and Trajectory Planning of a Five Degree of Freedom Mobile Welding Manipulator for Spherical Objects
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; 2021
    In:  IEEE Access Vol. 9 ( 2021), p. 73843-73856
    Details
    In: IEEE Access, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Vol. 9 ( 2021), p. 73843-73856
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-3536
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3080299
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2687964-5
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhancing Classification Accuracy of Transhumeral Prosthesis: A Hybrid sEMG and fNIRS Approach
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; 2021
    In:  IEEE Access Vol. 9 ( 2021), p. 113246-113257
    Details
    In: IEEE Access, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Vol. 9 ( 2021), p. 113246-113257
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-3536
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3099973
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2687964-5
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Feedback Control of Melt Pool Area in Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing Process
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Processes Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-08-30), p. 1547-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-08-30), p. 1547-
    Abstract: Selective laser melting (SLM), a metal powder fusion additive manufacturing process, has the potential to manufacture complex components for aerospace and biomedical implants. Large-scale adaptation of these technologies is hampered due to the presence of defects such as porosity and part distortion. Nonuniform melt pool size is a major cause of these defects. The melt pool size changes due to heat from the previous powder bed tracks. In this work, the effect of heat sourced from neighbouring tracks was modelled and feedback control was designed. The objective of control is to regulate the melt pool cross-sectional area rejecting the effect of heat from neighbouring tracks within a layer of the powder bed. The SLM process’s thermal model was developed using the energy balance of lumped melt pool volume. The disturbing heat from neighbouring tracks was modelled as the initial temperature of the melt pool. Combining the thermal model with disturbance model resulted in a nonlinear model describing melt pool evolution. The PID, a classical feedback control approach, was used to minimize the effect of intertrack disturbance on the melt pool area. The controller was tuned for the desired melt pool area in a known environment. Simulation results revealed that the proposed controller regulated the desired melt pool area during the scan of multiple tracks of a powder layer within 16 milliseconds and within a length of 0.04 mm reducing laser power by 10% approximately in five tracks. This reduced the chance of pore formation. Hence, it enhances the quality of components manufactured using the SLM process, reducing defects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr9091547
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Design of Portable Exoskeleton Forearm for Rehabilitation of Monoparesis Patients Using Tendon Flexion Sensing Mechanism for Health Care Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Electronics Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2021-05-27), p. 1279-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2021-05-27), p. 1279-
    Abstract: Technology plays a vital role in patient rehabilitation, improving the quality of life of an individual. The increase in functional independence of disabled individuals requires adaptive and commercially available solutions. The use of sensor-based technology helps patients and therapeutic practices beyond traditional therapy. Adapting skeletal tracking technology could automate exercise tracking, records, and feedback for patient motivation and clinical treatment interventions and planning. In this paper, an exoskeleton was designed and subsequently developed for patients who are suffering from monoparesis in the upper extremities. The exoskeleton was developed according to the dimensions of a patient using a 3D scanner, and then fabricated with a 3D printer; the mechanism for the movement of the hand is a tendon flexion mechanism with servo motor actuators controlled by an ATMega2560 microcontroller. The exoskeleton was used for force augmentation of the patient’s hand by taking the input from the hand via flex sensors, and assisted the patient in closing, opening, grasping, and picking up objects, and it was also able to perform certain exercises for the rehabilitation of the patient. The exoskeleton is portable, reliable, durable, intuitive, and easy to install and use at any time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics10111279
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Numerical Simulation of a Novel Dual Layered Phase Change Material Brick Wall for Human Comfort in Hot and Cold Climatic Conditions
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Energies Vol. 14, No. 13 ( 2021-07-04), p. 4032-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 13 ( 2021-07-04), p. 4032-
    Abstract: Phase change materials (PCMs) have a large number of applications for thermal energy storage (TES) and temperature reduction in buildings due to their thermal characteristics and latent heat storage capabilities. The thermal mass of typical brick walls can be substantially increased using a suitable PCM primarily based on phase change temperature and heat of fusion for different weather conditions in summer and winter. This study proposed a novel dual-layer PCM configuration for brick walls to maintain human comfort for hot and cold climatic conditions in Islamabad, Pakistan. Numerical simulations were performed using Ansys Fluent for dual PCMs layered within a brick wall for June and January with melting temperatures of 29 °C and 13 °C. This study examined and discussed the charging and discharging cycles of PCMs over an extended period (one month) to establish whether the efficacy of PCMs is hindered due to difficulties in discharging. The results show that the combined use of both PCMs stated above provides better human comfort with reduced energy requirements in Islamabad throughout the year than using a single PCM (29 °C) for summer or winter (13 °C) alone.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en14134032
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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