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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Cenozoic global plate motions
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1986
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 91, No. B12 ( 1986-11-10), p. 12389-12406
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 91, No. B12 ( 1986-11-10), p. 12389-12406
    Abstract: Cenozoic global plate motions relative to the hot spots are investigated and compared to plate motions in a mean‐lithosphere reference frame. Plate motions were analyzed over six time intervals divided by ages (10, 25, 43, 48, and 56 Ma) chosen, as much as possible, to coincide with key plate reorganizations. Alternative motion circuits and rotational parameters were considered and evaluated with paleomagnetic data from the Pacific and North American plates. The circuit found to be in best agreement with the paleomagnetic data is one in which the hot spots in the Atlantic region are assumed to be fixed relative to the hot spots in the Pacific region. Throughout the Cenozoic, the hot spot and mean‐lithosphere reference frames have been in continual, slow relative motion. The rate of motion is nonuniform, however, most of the motion having occurred during the middle Cenozoic. The net Cenozoic rotation of the lithosphere relative to the hot spots is described by a right‐handed rotation of 7° about a Euler pole at 46°S, 87°E, which yields a 5° displacement of the north poles of the two reference frames. This motion is small enough that inferences drawn about plate speeds in one reference frame should be valid in the other. Analysis of the global motions resulting from our preferred model showed that many characteristics of current plate motions have persisted throughout the Cenozoic. Plate speeds correlate with latitude, plates moving faster near the equator than near the poles throughout the Cenozoic. As at present, continental plates (except for the Indian plate) moved slower than oceanic plates throughout the Cenozoic. Even the structure of the velocity fields as revealed in a contour of root‐mean‐square velocities in equatorial bands persists throughout the Cenozoic. The migration of the paleomagnetic axis over time is also compared to the hot spot and mean‐lithosphere reference frames. The paleomagnetic axis has shifted 5°–10° relative to the hot spot frame, and a lesser amount relative to the mean‐lithosphere frame.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JB091iB12p12389
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1986
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  • 2
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    Errors in plate rotations as described by covariance matrices and their combination in reconstructions
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1987
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 92, No. B7 ( 1987-06-10), p. 6310-6318
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 92, No. B7 ( 1987-06-10), p. 6310-6318
    Abstract: We use covariance matrices to describe the errors in plate rotations and to combine the contrbutions of individual plate pairs for plate reconstructions. First, for the rotation of a pair of plates the covariance matrix which describes the errors in the rotation is defined. Then we show how individual covariance matrices can be combined in a circuit of successive plate rotations to assess the errors in a plate reconstruction. Using the covariance matrix for accumulated errors from a sequence of rotations, we can determine the uncertainties in the position of selected points on one plate in the plate circuit to another that is assumed to be fixed. As an example, the position of the Pacific plate relative to North America is reconstructed at chron 6 (20 Ma). This choice is made to allow a direct comparison with published error assessments. Using the accumulated covariance matrix, we find similar uncertainties in the positions of their selected points on the Pacific plate. As a further test, this reconstruction is repeated using seafloor spreading data that directly relate Antarctica to Africa, bypassing the link of India. This eliminates the largest source of error in the plate circuit, that due to the short ridge segment between Africa and India. This revised, shortened circuit results in generally smaller errors in the positions of points on the Pacific plate. The covariance matrices of the two alternative circuits are used to construct the optimal estimate and its associated error. The optimal estimate and its error region intersect the two alternative reconstructions and their error regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JB092iB07p06310
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1987
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  • 3
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    Models for the hotspot distribution
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 17, No. 11 ( 1990-10), p. 1965-1968
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 17, No. 11 ( 1990-10), p. 1965-1968
    Abstract: Published hotspot catalogues all show a hemispheric concentration beyond what can be expected by chance. Cumulative distributions about the center of concentration are described by a power law with a fractal dimension closer to 1 than 2. Random sets of the corresponding sizes do not show this effect. A simple shift of the random sets away from a point would produce distributions similar to those of hotspot sets. The possible relation of the hotspots to the locations of ridges and subduction zones is tested using large sets of randomly‐generated points to estimate areas within given distances of the plate boundaries. The probability of finding the observed number of hotspots within 10° of the ridges is about what is expected.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL017i011p01965
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Plate motion controls on back-arc spreading
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1986
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 1986-05), p. 456-459
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 1986-05), p. 456-459
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL013i005p00456
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1986
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  • 5
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    Plate‐driving forces over the Cenozoic Era
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1988
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 93, No. B10 ( 1988-10-10), p. 11833-11844
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 93, No. B10 ( 1988-10-10), p. 11833-11844
    Abstract: Plate reconstructions are used to estimate plate torques for the Cenozoic Era, assuming a dynamical balance between active torques (slab‐pull and ridge‐push) and plate drag, as the passive torque. In a published one‐dimensional model for the motion of an oceanic plate the plate drag balances slab‐pull and ridge‐push; expressing each of these forces in terms of age and sub‐duction rate and using values at 15 trenches, coefficients are found which give a least squares fit. Here we have retained a common age factor, which gives a greater weight to older, more rapidly moving plates, and the contribution due to ridge‐push is larger than that found in the previous study, but still much smaller than the slab‐pull force. This one‐dimensional force model is generalized to two‐dimensional plates moving over the Earth's surface, and we obtain a torque balance equation in which slab‐pull and ridge‐push torques are proportional to boundary chord vectors, with the weights depending on powers of subduction velocity at the middle of the chords. For each plate we find the unique angular velocity which satisfies the torque balance requirement, and this balance torque is compared with the plate drag torque obtained from the plate's geometry and (reconstructed) angular velocity. Comparison of the torques is made for two published models for present‐day plate motions, as well as six published reconstructions for time intervals spanning the Cenozoic. For the present the mismatch between the balanced torque and drag torque is about the same as the difference between the two alternative published models. Torques are fairly stable throughout the Cenozoic, with the misfit increasing systematically for earlier reconstructions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JB093iB10p11833
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1988
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  • 6
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    Was the Midcontinent Rift part of a successful seafloor‐spreading episode?
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2014
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 41, No. 5 ( 2014-03-16), p. 1465-1470
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 41, No. 5 ( 2014-03-16), p. 1465-1470
    Abstract: ~1.1Ga Mid‐Continent Rift (MCR) formed during rifting of Amazonia from Laurentia MCR continues to northwest Alabama along East Continent Gravity High Apparent polar wander path's cusp reflects rifting event
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/grl.v41.5
    DOI: 10.1002/2013GL059176
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 7
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    Global plate motions relative to the hot spots 64 to 56 Ma
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1984
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 89, No. B12 ( 1984-11-10), p. 9927-9936
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 89, No. B12 ( 1984-11-10), p. 9927-9936
    Abstract: We examined the early Tertiary global plate velocities with respect to the hot spots and compared these velocities both to those at present and to early Tertiary velocities inferred by assuming that no net torque is exerted on the lithosphere as a whole. In our reconstruction, the velocities of the Pacific and African plates were inferred directly from their hot spot tracks, and the velocities of other plates with respect to the hot spots were calculated from the motion of the Pacific or African plate and by relative motions estimated from seafloor spreading data. The relative motion between assumed‐separate North Pacific and South Pacific (Chatham Rise) plates was estimated by assuming the hot spots in the Atlantic Ocean basin have been fixed with respect to those in the Pacific Ocean basin, thereby avoiding the use of a poorly defined relative motion circuit. We found that the characteristics of early Tertiary plate motions with respect to the hot spots resemble those at present. The root‐mean‐square velocity of every major continental plate with respect to the hot spots during the early Tertiary exceeds its present velocity but (with the exception of the Indian plate) is less than the root‐mean‐square velocity of every early Tertiary oceanic plate. Equatorial lithosphere moved faster than polar lithosphere during the early Tertiary, but the difference is less than at present. Over the interval 64 to 56 Ma, the no net‐torque absolute velocities differ from the assumed fixed‐hot spot velocities by only 0.04°/Ma, which is insignificant. Thus two dissimilar approaches, fixed hot spots and no net torque of the lithosphere, when applied to identical early Tertiary relative plate velocities, yield similar absolute plate velocities. We attribute the differences between these two reference frames found in prior investigations to relative plate velocities different than we assume here.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JB089iB12p09927
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1984
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  • 8
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    Reply to: Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes (P 4 ) by AC Kerr
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2008
    In:  Marine Geophysical Researches Vol. 29, No. 3 ( 2008-9), p. 219-220
    Details
    In: Marine Geophysical Researches, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 29, No. 3 ( 2008-9), p. 219-220
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0025-3235 , 1573-0581
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s11001-008-9054-9
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 9
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    Age estimation of the Deccan Traps from the North American apparent polar wander path
    Geological Society of America ; 1988
    In:  Geology Vol. 16, No. 4 ( 1988), p. 296-
    Details
    In: Geology, Geological Society of America, Vol. 16, No. 4 ( 1988), p. 296-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0091-7613
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016〈0296:AEOTDT〉2.3.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: Geological Society of America
    Publication Date: 1988
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  • 10
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    Comments and Reply on "Age estimation of the Deccan Traps from the North American apparent polar wander path"
    Geological Society of America ; 1989
    In:  Geology Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 1989), p. 88-
    Details
    In: Geology, Geological Society of America, Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 1989), p. 88-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0091-7613
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017〈0088:CAROAE〉2.3.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: Geological Society of America
    Publication Date: 1989
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