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  • 1
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    Effects of continuously infusing glucose or casein into the terminal ileum on biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal morphology in growing pigs
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 99, No. 7 ( 2021-07-01)
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 99, No. 7 ( 2021-07-01)
    Abstract: Study objectives were to determine the effects of continuously infusing glucose (GLC) or casein (CAS) into the terminal ileum on biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal morphology in growing pigs. Crossbred gilts (n = 19; 81 ± 3 kg body weight [BW]) previously fitted with T-cannulas at terminal ileum were used in the current experiment. Following 4 d of acclimation, pigs were enrolled in 2 experimental 4-d periods (P). During P1, pigs were housed in individual pens and fed ad libitum for collection of baseline parameters. At the beginning of P2, pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 infusion treatments: 1) control (CON; water; 3 liters/d; n = 7), 2) GLC (dextrose 50%; 500 g/d; n = 6;), or 3) CAS (casein sodium salt; 300 g/d; n = 6). Water, GLC, and CAS solutions were continuously infused at a rate of 125 mL/h for the entirety of P2. Animals were euthanized at the end of P2, and intestinal tissue was collected. During P2, average daily feed intake differed across treatments and was reduced in GLC compared with CON pigs (14%), while CAS pigs consumed an intermediate amount (P = 0.05). Average daily gain and final BW were similar across treatments. A treatment by time interaction was observed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN; P & lt; 0.01), as it decreased in GLC (21%) while it gradually increased in CAS (76%) pigs relative to CON pigs. Mild hyperthermia occurred with both GLC and CAS infusions relative to CON (+0.3 and 0.2 °C, respectively; P & lt; 0.01). Blood neutrophils increased in CAS relative to CON pigs (26%) but remained similar between CON and GLC treatments (P & lt; 0.01). Blood monocytes decreased in GLC relative to CON pigs (24%) while CAS pigs had an intermediate value (P = 0.03). Circulating lipopolysaccharide binding protein tended to decrease in GLC (29%) relative to CON pigs but remained similar between CON and CAS pigs (P = 0.10). Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha was similar across treatments. Ileum villus height:crypt depth was increased in CAS compared with CON pigs (33%; P = 0.05) while GLC pigs had an intermediate value. Colon myeloperoxidase-stained area increased in CAS compared with CON pigs (45%; P = 0.03) but remained similar between GLC and CON pigs. In summary, continuously infusing GLC or CAS into the terminal ileum appeared to stimulate a mild immune response and differently altered BUN patterns but had little or no effects on blood inflammatory markers, intestinal morphology, or key production parameters.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab163
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490550-4
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  • 2
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    192 Effects of continuously infusing glucose or casein at the terminal ileum on biomarkers of metabolism and intestinal morphology in growing pigs
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 97, No. Supplement_2 ( 2019-07-29), p. 111-111
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 97, No. Supplement_2 ( 2019-07-29), p. 111-111
    Abstract: Objectives were to determine the effects of continuously infusing glucose (GLU) or casein (CAS) at the terminal ileum on circulating metabolism and intestinal architecture in pigs. Crossbred gilts (81 ± 1 kg BW) fitted with ileocecal cannulas and jugular catheters were enrolled in 2 experimental periods (P). Period 1 (4 d) served for the collection of baseline measurements. At the beginning of P2 (4 d), pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 infusion treatments: 1) control (CTL; water; n = 7), 2) GLU (500 g/d; n = 6), and 3) CAS (300 g/d; n = 6). Water, GLU, and CAS solutions were continuously infused (125 mL/h) through the ileocecal cannula for the entirety of P2. Pigs were sacrificed following P2 and segments of jejunum, ileum, and colon were collected. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. During P2, circulating glucose and non-esterified fatty acids were similar among treatments (P 〉 0.10). A tendency for a treatment × time interaction was observed for insulin as it decreased over time in CTL pigs, while it remained almost unchanged in GLU and CAS treatments during P2 (P = 0.07). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased in GLU relative to CTL pigs during P2 (21%; P = 0.01), whereas it gradually increased (76%; P 〈 0.01) from 6 to 96 h post-infusion in CAS pigs when compared to their CTL counterparts. No differences on fecal pH were observed across treatments (P = 0.62). Ileum villus height tended to increase in CAS relative to CTL pigs (P = 0.08). Similarly, ileum villus height:crypt depth was increased in CAS compared to CTL pigs (P = 0.02). Goblet cell area was similar across treatments but tended to decrease in the jejunum in GLU when compared to their CTL counterparts (P = 0.09). In conclusion, continuously infusing GLU or CAS into the terminal ileum differently altered BUN patterns, but surprisingly had little effects on intestinal morphology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.196
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 3
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    Effects of an oral supplement containing calcium and live yeast on post-absorptive metabolism, inflammation and production following intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion in dairy cows
    Elsevier BV ; 2020
    In:  Research in Veterinary Science Vol. 129 ( 2020-04), p. 74-81
    Details
    In: Research in Veterinary Science, Elsevier BV, Vol. 129 ( 2020-04), p. 74-81
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0034-5288
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.007
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002535-X
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  • 4
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    79 Direct and Indirect Effects of Heat Stress on the Hepatic and Ovarian Proteome in Gilts
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 99, No. Supplement_1 ( 2021-05-07), p. 106-107
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 99, No. Supplement_1 ( 2021-05-07), p. 106-107
    Abstract: Seasonal infertility (SI) caused by heat stress (HS) impacts the US swine industry by reducing litter size, farrowing rates, and production efficiency. Identifying the biological underpinnings of SI is a foundational step towards developing mitigation strategies to reduce the nearly $1 billion annual revenue losses to the swine industry. The study objective was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of HS via HS conditioned serum infusion in swine. We hypothesized gilts housed in thermoneutral (TN) conditions receiving gradual infusions of serum obtained from HS gilts would experience altered endocrine and metabolic function compared to gilts receiving serum from TN gilts. Prepubertal gilts (n = 18) were assigned to donor or recipient groups and donors were allocated to TN or HS environments. Blood was collected from HS donors and TN donors exposed to 24-hours of HS or TN conditions, respectively. Serum was infused into recipients housed in TN conditions via indwelling jugular catheters. Over a 24-hour period approximately 20% of the estimated recipient gilt serum volume from donors (pooled by treatment) was infused into recipients. After infusions were completed, gilts were euthanized and tissues collected. Increased rectal temperatures were observed in HS recipients compared to TN recipients (P ≤ 0.05). Protein extracts from liver and ovary underwent proteomic analysis via liquid-chromatography with tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to assess protein abundance. In the liver and ovary, we identified 135 and 264 proteins, respectively, that were differentially abundant between TN and HS recipients (P & lt; 0.10). Gene Ontology enrichment analysis identified alterations to pathways involved in hormone regulation, immune response, and apoptosis. Collectively, these data demonstrate gilts receiving HS serum experienced altered endocrine and metabolic function compared to gilts receiving TN serum. This project was supported in part by the Iowa Pork Producers Association. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab054.173
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
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    236 Effects of mitoquinol during acute heat stress exposure in growing pigs
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 98, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-11-30), p. 118-118
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 98, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-11-30), p. 118-118
    Abstract: Objectives were to determine the effects of mitoquinol (MitoQ) on performance, metabolism, and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n=32; 59±1 kg BW) where blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 therapeutic-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n=8; TNCtl), 2) TN and MitoQ (n=8; TNMitoQ), 3) HS control (n=8; HSCtl), or 4) HS and MitoQ (n=8; HSMitoQ). The trial consisted of two experimental periods (P). During P1 (2d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (20.6±0.1°C). During P2 (24h), HSCtl and HSMitoQ pigs were exposed to continuous HS (35.2±0.03°C); while TNCtl and TNMitoQ remained in TN conditions. Mitoquinol was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 h; 40 mg/d) during P1 and P2. Pigs exposed to HS had increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (1.46°C, 6.79°C, and 101 bpm, respectively; P & lt; 0.01) compared to their TN counterparts. Acute HS markedly decreased feed intake (67%; P & lt; 0.01). Additionally, HS pigs lost BW compared to their TN counterparts (-4.7 vs. +1.6 kg, respectively; P & lt; 0.01); however, the reduction in BW was less severe in HSMitoQ compared to HSCtl pigs (-3.85 vs. -5.50 kg, respectively; P & lt; 0.01). Circulating glucose increased in HSMitoQ relative to HSCtl pigs (15%; P=0.04). Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were increased in HS compared to TN pigs (P & lt; 0.01), although this difference was influenced by increased NEFA in HSCtl relative to HSMitoQ pigs (251 vs. 142 μEq/L; P & lt; 0.01). Insulin:feed intake tended to increase in HS relative to TN pigs (P=0.09). Overall, no differences in blood urea nitrogen or cell blood counts were observed across treatments (P & gt;0.10). In conclusion, acute HS exposure negatively altered animal performance and metabolism; however, administering MitoQ appeared to ameliorate the HS response.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa054.202
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
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    211 Young Scholar Presentation: Developing and validating a heat stress model in dairy cows
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 97, No. Supplement_2 ( 2019-07-29), p. 121-121
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 97, No. Supplement_2 ( 2019-07-29), p. 121-121
    Abstract: Heat stress (HS) negatively impacts production parameters, including milk yield and composition, growth and reproduction. Precisely studying HS typically requires expensive climate-controlled facilities, resources often inaccessible to most scientists. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of using an electric heat blanket (EHB) as an alternative and cost-effective method to study HS and determine whether EHB-induced hyperthermia affects physiological and production parameters similar to natural HS. This was the first proof of concept study examining this model. Results indicated increased body temperature indices (i.e., rectal temperature and respiration rate) and reduced DMI and milk yield, as well as altered milk composition similar to natural and climate-controlled HS studies. In experiment 2, we examined the EHB model in combination with a pair-feeding (PF) design. By employing the PF design, we clearly illustrated that a lowered nutritional plane explains only approximately 50% of the decreased milk yield in HS cows, with the remaining portion due to changes in post-absorptive changes in nutritional physiology. In addition, the EHB blunted adipose tissue mobilization and increased plasma biomarkers of muscle catabolism. Results from this study validated that the EHB is a valid model to study HS; therefore, experiment 3 was designed to assess nutritional HS mitigation strategies using the EHB model. Dietary electrolyte, osmolyte, and energetic compounds (EOEC) were evaluated as re-hydration therapy on body temperature indices in HS lactating Holstein cows. Skin temperature was increased in EOEC-supplemented cows relative to controls which suggests that EOEC increased heat dissipation. In addition, EOEC-supplemented cows had increased glucose and insulin levels compared with controls which is due to the energetic compounds (i.e., dextrose) present in the EOEC supplement. Collectively, employing EHB model provides an excellent new platform for discovery research and evaluating pragmatic HS mitigation strategies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.214
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 7
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    235 Effects of rapamycin during an acute heat stress exposure in growing pigs
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 98, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-11-30), p. 117-117
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 98, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-11-30), p. 117-117
    Abstract: Objectives were to determine the effects of rapamycin on biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n=32; 63.5±0.8 BW) where blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 therapeutic-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n=8; TNCtl), 2) TN and rapamycin (n=8; TNRapa), 3) HS control (n=8; HSCtl), or 4) HS and rapamycin (n=8; HSRapa). The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (10d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (21.3±0.01°C). During P2 (24h), HSCtl and HSRapa pigs were exposed to constant HS (35.5±0.1°C); while TNCtl and TNRapa remained in TN conditions. Rapamycin (0.15 mg/kg BW) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 h) during P1 and P2. HS increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate compared to TN counterparts (1.28°C, 8.68°C, and 87 bpm, respectively; P & lt; 0.01). Feed intake (FI) markedly decreased in HS relative to TN treatments (64%; P & lt; 0.01). Additionally, pigs exposed to HS lost BW (4 kg; P & lt; 0.01), while TN pigs gained BW (0.7 kg; P & lt; 0.01). Overall, circulating white blood cells decreased in HS compared to TN pigs (19%; P=0.01). Circulating neutrophils did not differ across treatments; however, lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (23, 33, and 38%, respectively; P≤0.07). Despite marked changes in phenotypic parameters, circulating glucose and blood urea nitrogen did not differ among treatments (P & gt;0.10). However, insulin:FI increased in HS relative to TN treatments (P=0.04). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased in HS relative to TN treatments; although this difference was driven by increased NEFA in HSCtl compared to TN and HSRapa pigs (P & lt; 0.01). In summary, pigs exposed to HS had altered phenotypic, metabolic, and leukocyte responses; however, rapamycin administration had little to no effect on any of the variables measured.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa054.200
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 8
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    Rapamycin administration during an acute heat stress challenge in growing pigs
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 99, No. 5 ( 2021-05-01)
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 99, No. 5 ( 2021-05-01)
    Abstract: Study objectives were to determine the effects of rapamycin (Rapa) on biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n = 32; 63.5 ± 7.2 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 environmental-therapeutic treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n = 8; TNCon), 2) TN and Rapa (n = 8; TNRapa), 3) HS control (n = 8; HSCon), or 4) HS and Rapa (n = 8; HSRapa). Following 6 d of acclimation to individual pens, pigs were enrolled in two experimental periods (P). During P1 (10 d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (21.3 ± 0.2°C). During P2 (24 h), HSCon and HSRapa pigs were exposed to constant HS (35.5 ± 0.4°C), while TNCon and TNRapa pigs remained in TN conditions. Rapamycin (0.15 mg/kg BW) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 hours) during both P1 and P2. HS increased rectal temperature and respiration rate compared to TN treatments (1.3°C and 87 breaths/min, respectively; P & lt; 0.01). Feed intake (FI) markedly decreased in HS relative to TN treatments (64%; P & lt; 0.01). Additionally, pigs exposed to HS lost BW (4 kg; P & lt; 0.01), while TN pigs gained BW (0.7 kg; P & lt; 0.01). Despite marked changes in phenotypic parameters caused by HS, circulating glucose and blood urea nitrogen did not differ among treatments (P & gt; 0.10). However, the insulin:FI increased in HS relative to TN treatments (P = 0.04). Plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased in HS relative to TN treatments; although this difference was driven by increased NEFA in HSCon compared to TN and HSRapa pigs (P & lt; 0.01). Overall, circulating white blood cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes decreased in HS compared to TN pigs (19%, 23%, and 33%, respectively; P ≤ 0.05). However, circulating neutrophils were similar across treatments (P & gt; 0.31). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was increased in HS relative to TN pigs (P = 0.02); however, a tendency for reduced NLR was observed in HSRapa compared to HSCon pigs (21%; P = 0.06). Plasma C-reactive protein tended to differ across treatments (P = 0.06) and was increased in HSRapa relative to HSCon pigs (46%; P = 0.03). Circulating haptoglobin was similar between groups. In summary, pigs exposed to HS had altered phenotypic, metabolic, and leukocyte responses; however, Rapa administration had limited impact on outcomes measured herein.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab145
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 9
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    Effects of dietary electrolytes, osmolytes, and energetic compounds on body temperature indices in heat-stressed lactating cows
    Elsevier BV ; 2020
    In:  Research in Veterinary Science Vol. 132 ( 2020-10), p. 42-48
    Details
    In: Research in Veterinary Science, Elsevier BV, Vol. 132 ( 2020-10), p. 42-48
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0034-5288
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.012
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002535-X
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  • 10
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    Effects of dietary live yeast supplementation on growth performance and biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  Translational Animal Science Vol. 5, No. 2 ( 2021-04-01)
    Details
    In: Translational Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 5, No. 2 ( 2021-04-01)
    Abstract: Study objectives were to determine the effects of dietary live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CNCM I-4407; ActisafHR+; 0.25g/kg of feed; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) on growth performance and biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs. Crossbred barrows (n = 96; 79 ± 1 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to one of six dietary-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) and fed ad libitum the control diet (TNCon), 2) TN and fed ad libitum a yeast containing diet (TNYeast), 3) TN and pair-fed (PF) the control diet (PFCon), 4) TN and PF the yeast containing diet (PFYeast), 5) heat stress (HS) and fed ad libitum the control diet (HSCon), or 6) HS and fed ad libitum the yeast diet (HSYeast). Following 5 d of acclimation to individual pens, pigs were enrolled in two experimental periods (P). During P1 (7 d), pigs were housed in TN conditions (20 °C) and fed their respective dietary treatments ad libitum. During P2 (28 d), HSCon and HSYeast pigs were fed ad libitum and exposed to progressive cyclical HS (28–33 °C) while TN and PF pigs remained in TN conditions and were fed ad libitum or PF to their HSCon and HSYeast counterparts. Pigs exposed to HS had an overall increase in rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate compared to TN pigs (0.3 °C, 5.5 °C, and 23 breaths per minute, respectively; P & lt; 0.01). During P2, average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased in HS compared to TN pigs (30%; P & lt; 0.01). Average daily gain and final BW decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (P & lt; 0.01); however, no differences in feed efficiency (G:F) were observed between HS and TN treatments (P & gt; 0.16). A tendency for decreased ADFI and increased G:F was observed in TNYeast relative to TNCon pigs (P & lt; 0.10). Circulating insulin was similar between HS and TN pigs (P & gt; 0.42). Triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels decreased in HS compared to TN treatments (~19% and 20%, respectively; P & lt; 0.05). Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) did not differ across treatments (P & gt; 0.57) but tended to decrease in HSYeast relative to HSCon pigs (P = 0.09). In summary, dietary live yeast did not affect body temperature indices or growth performance and had minimal effects on biomarkers of metabolism; however, it tended to improve G:F under TN conditions and tended to reduce the proinflammatory mediator TNF-α during HS. Further research on the potential role of dietary live yeast in pigs during HS or nutrient restriction scenarios is warranted.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2573-2102
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab072
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2880940-3
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