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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanical Proof of the Maxwell Speed Distribution
    Canadian Center of Science and Education ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Statistics and Probability Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2019-01-25), p. 90-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Canadian Center of Science and Education, Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2019-01-25), p. 90-
    Abstract: This article derives the probability density function & psi; & xi;;x,x & #39; & nbsp;of the resulting speed & xi; & nbsp;from the collision of two particles with speeds x & nbsp;and x & #39; . This function had been left unsolved for about 150 years. Then uses two approaches to obtain the Maxwell speed distribution: (1) Numerical iteration: using the equation Pnew & xi;=0 & infin;0 & infin; & psi; & xi;;x,x & #39; ∙Poldx∙Poldx & #39; dxdx & #39; & nbsp; to get the new speed distribution from the old speed distribution. Also, after 9 iterations, the distribution converges to the Maxwell speed distribution. (2) Analytical integration: using the Maxwell speed distribution as the Poldx , and then getting Pnew & xi; & nbsp;from the above integration. The result of Pnew & xi; & nbsp;from analytical integration is proved to be exactly the Maxwell speed distribution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1927-7040 , 1927-7032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5539/ijsp.v8n2p90
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2676918-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanical Proof of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Speed Distribution With Numerical Iterations
    Canadian Center of Science and Education ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Statistics and Probability Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2021-06-06), p. 21-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Canadian Center of Science and Education, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2021-06-06), p. 21-
    Abstract: The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution is the probability distribution that describes the speeds of the particles of ideal gases. The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution is valid for both un-mixed particles (one type of particle) and mixed particles (two types of particles). For mixed particles, both types of particles follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution. Also, the most probable speed is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass. This paper proves the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution and the speed ratio of mixed particles using computer-generated data based on Newton & rsquo;s law of motion. To achieve this, this paper derives the probability density function & psi;^ab(u_a;v_a,v_b) & nbsp;of the speed u_a of the particle with mass M_a after the collision of two particles with mass M_a in speed v_a and mass M_b in speed v_b. The function & psi;^ab(u_a;v_a,v_b) & nbsp;is obtained through a unique procedure that considers (1) the randomness of the relative direction before a collision by an angle & alpha;. (2) the randomness of the direction after the collision by another independent angle & beta;. The function & psi;^ab(u_a;v_a,v_b) is used in the equation below for the numerical iterations to get new distributions P_new^a(u_a) from old distributions P_old^a(v_a), and repeat with P_old^a(v_a)=P_new^a(v_a), where n_a is the fraction of particles with mass M_a. P_new^1(u_1)=n_1 & int;_0^ & infin; & int;_0^ & infin; & psi;^11(u_1;v_1,v & rsquo;_1) P_old^1(v_1) P_old^1(v & rsquo;_1) dv_1 dv & rsquo;_1 & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; +n_2 & int;_0^ & infin; & int;_0^ & infin; & psi;^12(u_1;v_1,v_2) P_old^1(v_1) P_old^2(v_2) dv_1 dv_2 P_new^2(u_2)=n_1 & int;_0^ & infin; & int;_0^ & infin; & psi;^21(u_2;v_2,v_1) P_old^2(v_2) P_old^1(v_1) dv_2 dv_1 & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; +n_2 & int;_0^ & infin; & int;_0^ & infin; & psi;^22(u_2;v_2,v & rsquo;_2) P_old^2(v_2) P_old^2(v & rsquo;_2) dv_2 dv & rsquo;_2 The final distributions converge to the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distributions. Moreover, the square of the root-mean-square speed from the final distribution is inversely proportional to the particle masses as predicted by Avogadro & rsquo;s law.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1927-7040 , 1927-7032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5539/ijsp.v10n4p21
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2676918-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanical Proof of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Speed Distribution With Analytical Integration
    Canadian Center of Science and Education ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Statistics and Probability Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2021-04-27), p. 135-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Canadian Center of Science and Education, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2021-04-27), p. 135-
    Abstract: The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution is the probability distribution that describes the speeds of the particles of ideal gases. The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution is valid for both un-mixed particles (one type of particle) and mixed particles (two types of particles). For mixed particles, both types of particles follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution. Also, the most probable speed is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass. The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution of mixed particles is based on kinetic theory; however, it has never been derived from a mechanical point of view. This paper proves the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution and the speed ratio of mixed particles based on probability analysis and Newton & rsquo;s law of motion. This paper requires the probability & nbsp;density function (PDF) & psi;^ab(u_a; v_a, v_b) & nbsp;of the speed u_a & nbsp; of the particle with mass M_a & nbsp; after the collision of two particles with mass M_a & nbsp; in speed v_a & nbsp; and mass M_b & nbsp; in speed v_b . The PDF & psi;^ab(u_a; v_a, v_b) & nbsp; in integral form has been obtained before. This paper further performs the exact integration from the integral form to obtain the PDF & psi;^ab(u_a; v_a, v_b) & nbsp; in an evaluated form, which is used in the following equation to get new distribution P_new^a(u_a) & nbsp; from old distributions P_old^a(v_a) and P_old^b(v_b). When P_old^a(v_a) and P_old^b(v_b) & nbsp; are the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distributions, the integration P_new^a(u_a) & nbsp; obtained analytically is exactly the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution. P_new^a(u_a)= & int;_0^ & infin; & int;_0^ & infin; & psi;^ab(u_a;v_a,v_b) P_old^a(v_a) P_old^b(v_b) dv_a dv_b, & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;a,b = 1 or 2 The mechanical proof of the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution presented in this paper reveals the unsolved mechanical mystery of the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution since it was proposed by Maxwell in 1860. Also, since the validation is carried out in an analytical approach, it proves that there is no theoretical limitation of mass ratio to the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution. This provides a foundation and methodology for analyzing the interaction between particles with an extreme mass ratio, such as gases and neutrinos.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1927-7040 , 1927-7032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5539/ijsp.v10n3p135
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2676918-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of Sb2O3 nanoparticles by liquid phase method under acidic condition
    Elsevier BV ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Crystal Growth Vol. 588 ( 2022-06), p. 126642-
    Details
    In: Journal of Crystal Growth, Elsevier BV, Vol. 588 ( 2022-06), p. 126642-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2022.126642
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1466514-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Neoantigen-reactive T cells exhibit effective anti-tumor activity against colorectal cancer
    Informa UK Limited ; 2022
    In:  Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2022-01-31), p. 1-11
    Details
    In: Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2022-01-31), p. 1-11
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2164-5515 , 2164-554X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1891814
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2664177-X
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aptamer-functionalized AuNCs nanogel for targeted delivery of docosahexaenoic acid to induce browning of white adipocytes
    Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Materials Chemistry B Vol. 11, No. 22 ( 2023), p. 4972-4979
    Details
    In: Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Vol. 11, No. 22 ( 2023), p. 4972-4979
    Abstract: Obesity, as a global public health concern, causes a series of metabolic disorders and other diseases. Browning of white fat (white adipocytes transforming to beige adipocytes) offers an attractive approach for obesity treatment. In the present study, aptamer-functionalized nanogel of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), termed Apt-NG, was developed as the targeted delivery vehicle of browning agent docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Apt-NG has multiple advantages, including nanoscale size, strong autofluorescence, low toxicity, and excellent targeting capability to white adipocytes. After treatment with DHA@Apt-NG, the morphology of lipid droplets changed evidently; meanwhile the triglyceride level decreased while the mitochondrial activity increased. The DHA@Apt-NG treatment effectively up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Ucp1 , Pgc-1α , Pparg , and Prdm16 , which play important roles in browning of white adipocytes. This study provides a feasible strategy to achieve efficient browning of white adipocytes based on targeted delivery nanosystems, inspiring a new idea for obesity treatment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2050-750X , 2050-7518
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1039/D2TB02709G
    Language: English
    Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2702241-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2705149-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An approach to the transgressive sedimentary pattern of the present continental shelf
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 1987
    In:  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 5, No. 2 ( 1987-6), p. 161-171
    Details
    In: Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 5, No. 2 ( 1987-6), p. 161-171
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0254-4059 , 1993-5005
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/BF02845000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 1987
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2262662-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2931064-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparison of Three Different Extraction Methods on Osmanthus Volatile Oil: Aroma and Biological Activity
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Chemistry & Biodiversity Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 2023-02)
    Details
    In: Chemistry & Biodiversity, Wiley, Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 2023-02)
    Abstract: The osmanthus volatile oil was welcomed by consumers even if the high price since the unique and pleasant odor. Meanwhile, the low yield of osmanthus volatile oil restricts industrial production. In this work, an osmanthus volatile oil was obtained by means of a novel ultrasonic‐assisted flash extraction method and was compared with the oil from hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction on yield, aroma, and biological activities. The volatile oil obtained from the ultrasonic‐assisted flash extraction was obtained with the petroleum ether and got a high yield at 3.51 % within a 40‐min process, an increase of nearly 81 % from the single solvent extraction. This oil also showed a high aroma intensity and aroma compound concentration. Meanwhile, the oil also has the highest antioxidant ability but lower antibacterial activity against oil from hydrodistillation. It was considered that this work was helpful for the optimization of the extraction method of osmanthus volatile oil.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1612-1872 , 1612-1880
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.v20.2
    DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200658
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2139001-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A new single-particle model to evaluate the Li-ions diffusion coefficients of LiMn1−xFe x PO 4
    World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd ; 2019
    In:  Functional Materials Letters Vol. 12, No. 05 ( 2019-10), p. 1950071-
    Details
    In: Functional Materials Letters, World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd, Vol. 12, No. 05 ( 2019-10), p. 1950071-
    Abstract: It remains a challenge to evaluate the Li-ions diffusion coefficients of LiMn[Formula: see text]Fe x PO 4 due to the presence of two voltage platforms upon charge/discharge. In this paper, a new single-particle model based on Butler–Volmer (BV) equation and one-dimensional diffusion equation is established. Using this model, the cyclic voltammogram curves of LiMn[Formula: see text]Fe x PO 4 single-particle electrodes are successfully fitted and their Li-ion diffusion coefficients in organic electrolyte are obtained. Through analyzing the diffusion coefficients, it is found that the Li-ions diffusion coefficients for both Fe and Mn redox processes in LiMn[Formula: see text]Fe x PO 4 reach the maximum when [Formula: see text]. In addition, the values for oxidation processes are much larger than those for reduction processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1793-6047 , 1793-7213
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1142/S1793604719500711
    Language: English
    Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Browning of white adipocytes by gold nanocluster mediated electromagnetic induction heating hyperthermia
    Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) ; 2022
    In:  Nanoscale Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2022), p. 1187-1194
    Details
    In: Nanoscale, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2022), p. 1187-1194
    Abstract: Browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) is becoming an attractive therapeutic target for obesity. Great efforts have been made to develop effective approaches to induce browning. Unfortunately, the current methods suffer from a series of disadvantages, such as low efficiency, unsatisfactory stability, and side effects. Herein, we report a new approach to induce browning of 3T3-L1 white adipocytes based on electromagnetic induction heating (EIH) hyperthermia. In particular, adipocyte-targeting aptamer modified gold nanoclusters (Apt-AuNCs) were employed as the mediators of EIH. Apt-AuNCs had good biocompatibility and excellent targeting performance with white adipocytes. After Apt-AuNCs/EIH treatment, adipocytes with characteristic multilocular and small lipid droplets increased, and the content of triglycerides reduced effectively. Apt-AuNCs/EIH treatment also significantly increased the mitochondrial activity in adipocytes. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of key genes that are involved in browning, for example UCP1, PRDM16, PPARγ, and PGC-1α, were upregulated. Finally, the induction mechanism of Apt-AuNCs/EIH on browning of white adipocytes was explained by the synergistic effects of EIH hyperthermia and pharmacological action of AuNCs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt on induction of browning by metal nanocluster-mediated EIH hyperthermia, thus providing an interesting and efficient channel for obesity treatment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2040-3364 , 2040-3372
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1039/D1NR07263C
    Language: English
    Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2515664-0
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