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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Expenditure of Female International Standard Soccer Players: A Doubly Labeled Water Investigation
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2022
    In:  Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol. 54, No. 5 ( 2022-5), p. 769-779
    Details
    In: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 54, No. 5 ( 2022-5), p. 769-779
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to quantify total daily energy expenditure (TEE) of international adult female soccer players. Methods Twenty-four professional players were studied during a 12-d period where they participated in an international training camp (also inclusive of two competitive games) representing the English national team. The TEE was assessed via the doubly labeled water method during the full 12 d as well as the initial 4-d period before game one. Energy intake was also assessed (via weighed food analysis) during the initial 4-d period to permit estimation of energy availability (EA). Results Mean TEE did not differ ( P = 0.31) between the 12-d (2693 ± 432 kcal·d −1 ; range, 2105–3507 kcal·d −1 ; 54 ± 6 kcal·kg −1 fat-free mass [FFM]) versus the 4-d assessment period (2753 ± 359 kcal·d −1 ; range, 1942–3280 kcal·d −1 ; 56 ± 8 kcal·kg −1 FFM). Mean 4-d energy intake was 1923 ± 357 kcal·d −1 (range, 1639–2172 kcal·d −1 ) and mean activity energy expenditure was 1069 ± 278 kcal·d −1 (range, 155–1549 kcal·d −1 ). When assessed for estimated EA, 88% of players were categorized with low EA status according to the threshold of 〈 30 kcal·kg −1 FFM. Mean daily carbohydrate intake equated to 3.3 ± 0.7 g·kg −1 body mass. Conclusions When compared with previously published data from adult male players, we demonstrate that the relative daily energetic requirements of engaging in professional soccer training and match play are comparable between sexes. From a practical perspective, data suggest that practitioners should likely focus education and behavior change strategies on “fuelling” for match play and training to optimize both player health and performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1530-0315 , 0195-9131
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002850
    RVK:
    ZX 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2031167-9
    SSG: 31
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Thyroid hormones correlate with field metabolic rate in ponies, Equus ferus caballus
    The Company of Biologists ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology ( 2016-01-01)
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, ( 2016-01-01)
    Abstract: During winter free living herbivores are often exposed to reduced energy supply at the same time that energy needs for thermoregulation increase. Several wild herbivores as well as robust horse breeds reduce their metabolism during times of low ambient temperature and food shortage. Thyroid hormones (TH) affect metabolic intensity and a positive effect of TH on basal metabolic rate (BMR) has been demonstrated in mammals and birds. As BMR and field metabolic rate (FMR) are often assumed to be intrinsically linked, TH may represent a reliable indicator for FMR. To test this hypothesis, ten Shetland pony mares were kept under semi-extensive central European conditions. During the winter month one group was fed 60% and one group 100% of their maintenance energy requirements. We measured FMR, locomotor activity, resting heart rate and TH levels in summer and winter. FMR, locomotor activity, resting heart rate and total T3 concentrations decreased substantially in winter compared to summer, whereas total T4 increased. Feed restriction led to a reduced FMR and resting heart rate, while TH and locomotor activity were not affected. Across both seasons FMR, resting heart and locomotor activity were positively correlated with total T3 but negatively and more weakly related with total T4.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.138784
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adiposity, reproductive and metabolic health, and activity levels in zoo Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus )
    The Company of Biologists ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 224, No. 2 ( 2021-01-15)
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 224, No. 2 ( 2021-01-15)
    Abstract: Many captive Asian elephant populations are not self-sustaining, possibly due in part to obesity-related health and reproductive issues. This study investigated relationships between estimated body composition and metabolic function, inflammatory markers, ovarian activity (females only) and physical activity levels in 44 Asian elephants (n=35 females, n=9 males). Deuterium dilution was used to measure total body water from which fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) could be derived to estimate body composition. Serum was analyzed for progestagens and estradiol (females only), deuterium, glucose, insulin and amyloid A. Physical activity was assessed by an accelerometer placed on the elephant's front leg for at least 2 days. Relative fat mass (RFM) – the amount of fat relative to body mass – was calculated to take differences in body size between elephants into consideration. Body fat percentage ranged from 2.01% to 24.59%. Male elephants were heavier (P=0.043), with more FFM (P=0.049), but not FM (P & gt;0.999), than females. For all elephants, estimated RFM (r=0.45, P=0.004) was positively correlated with insulin. Distance walked was negatively correlated with age (r=−0.46, P=0.007). When adjusted for FFM and age (P & lt;0.001), non-cycling females had less fat compared with cycling females, such that for every 100 kg increase in FM, the odds of cycling were 3 times higher (P & lt;0.001). More work is needed to determine what an unhealthy amount of fat is for elephants; however, our results suggest higher adiposity may contribute to metabolic perturbations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0949 , 1477-9145
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219543
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Correction: Exposure to hot temperatures during lactation in Swiss mice stunts offspring growth and decreases future reproductive performance of female offspring
    The Company of Biologists ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 223, No. 9 ( 2020-05-01)
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 223, No. 9 ( 2020-05-01)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228809
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Limits to sustained energy intake. XVII. Lactation performance in MF1 mice is not programmed by fetal number during pregnancy
    The Company of Biologists ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 216, No. 12 ( 2013-06-15), p. 2339-2348
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 216, No. 12 ( 2013-06-15), p. 2339-2348
    Abstract: Several studies have suggested that lactation performance may be programmed by the number of fetuses during pregnancy, whereas other studies indicate that processes during lactation are more important. As gestation litter size and litter size in lactation are usually strongly correlated, separating the roles of pregnancy and lactation in lactation performance is difficult. To break this link, we experimentally manipulated litter size of MF1 mice to five or 16 pups per litter by cross-fostering. Litter size and mass at birth were recorded on day 1 of lactation prior to litter size manipulation. Maternal body mass and food intake, litter size and litter mass were measured daily throughout. After weaning, the potential differential utilisation of body tissues of the mothers was investigated. Relationships between maternal mass and food intake, including asymptotic daily food intake at peak lactation, offspring traits and other maternal parameters suggested that the number of fetuses the females had carried during pregnancy had no effect on lactation performance. Litter mass increases depended only on maternal food intake, which was highly variable between individuals, but was independent of fetal litter size. The sizes of key organs and tissues like the liver and alimentary tract were not related to maximal food intake at peak lactation or to fetal litter size, but the masses of the pelage, mammary glands and retroperitoneal fat pad were. These data suggest that while growth of the mammary glands and associated structures may be initiated in gestation, and vary in relation to the number of placentas, the ultimate sizes and activities of the tissues depends primarily on factors during lactation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078428
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ambient temperature shapes reproductive output during pregnancy and lactation in the common vole ( Microtus arvalis ): a test of the heat dissipation limit theory
    The Company of Biologists ; 2011
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 214, No. 1 ( 2011-01-01), p. 38-49
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 214, No. 1 ( 2011-01-01), p. 38-49
    Abstract: The heat dissipation limit theory suggests that heat generated during metabolism limits energy intake and, thus, reproductive output. Experiments in laboratory strains of mice and rats, and also domestic livestock generally support this theory. Selection for many generations in the laboratory and in livestock has increased litter size or productivity in these animals. To test the wider validity of the heat dissipation limit theory, we studied common voles (Microtus arvalis), which have small litter sizes by comparison with mice and rats, and regular addition of wild-caught individuals of this species to our laboratory colony ensures a natural genetic background. A crossover design of ambient temperatures (21 and 30°C) during pregnancy and lactation was used. High ambient temperature during lactation decreased milk production, slowing pup growth. The effect on pup growth was amplified when ambient temperature was also high during pregnancy. Shaving fur off dams at 30°C resulted in faster growth of pups; however, no significant increase in food intake and or milk production was detected. With increasing litter size (natural and enlarged), asymptotic food intake during lactation levelled off in the largest litters at both 21 and 30°C. Interestingly, the effects of lactation temperature on pup growth where also observed at smaller litter sizes. This suggests that vole dams trade-off costs associated with hyperthermia during lactation with the yield from investment in pup growth. Moreover, pup survival was higher at 30°C, despite lower growth, probably owing to thermoregulatory benefits. It remains to be seen how the balance is established between the negative effect of high ambient temperature on maternal milk production and pup growth (and/or future reproduction of the dam) and the positive effect of high temperatures on pup survival. This balance ultimately determines the effect of different ambient temperatures on reproductive success.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.044230
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Limits to sustained energy intake. XXX. Constraint or restraint? Manipulations of food supply show peak food intake in lactation is constrained
    The Company of Biologists ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists
    Abstract: Lactating mice increase food intake 4-5 fold, reaching an asymptote in late lactation. A key question is whether this asymptote reflects a physiological constraint, or a maternal investment strategy (a ‘restraint’). We exposed lactating mice to periods of food restriction, hypothesizing that if the limit reflected restraint they would compensate by breaching the asymptote when refeeding. In contrast, if it was a constraint they would by definition be unable to increase their intake on refeeding days. Using isotope methods we found that during food restriction the females shut down milk production impacting offspring growth. During refeeding food intake and milk production rose again, but not significantly above unrestricted controls. Hypothalamic transcriptome profiling showed that following restriction lactating mice did not upregulate transcription of genes in the hunger signaling network, suggesting this may impose the constraint. These data provide strong evidence that asymptotic intake in lactation reflects a physiological/physical constraint, rather than restraint. Because hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (Npy) was upregulated under both states of restriction this suggests the constraint is not imposed by limits in the capacity to upregulate hunger signaling (the saturated neural capacity hypothesis). Understanding the genetic basis of the constraint will be a key future goal and will provide us additional information on the nature of the constraining factors on reproductive output, and their potential links to life history strategies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208314
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exceptionally low daily energy expenditure in the bamboo-eating giant panda
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2015
    In:  Science Vol. 349, No. 6244 ( 2015-07-10), p. 171-174
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 349, No. 6244 ( 2015-07-10), p. 171-174
    Abstract: The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the mean was 6.2 MJ/day, or 45% of the mammalian expectation. Pandas achieve this exceptionally low expenditure in part by reduced sizes of several vital organs and low physical activity. In addition, circulating levels of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ) averaged 46.9 and 64%, respectively, of the levels expected for a eutherian mammal of comparable size. A giant panda–unique mutation in the DUOX2 gene, critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, might explain these low thyroid hormone levels. A combination of morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations, leading to low energy expenditure, likely enables giant pandas to survive on a bamboo diet.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2413
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Daily energy expenditure through the human life course
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2021
    In:  Science Vol. 373, No. 6556 ( 2021-08-13), p. 808-812
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 373, No. 6556 ( 2021-08-13), p. 808-812
    Abstract: Total daily energy expenditure (“total expenditure”) reflects daily energy needs and is a critical variable in human health and physiology, but its trajectory over the life course is poorly studied. We analyzed a large, diverse database of total expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method for males and females aged 8 days to 95 years. Total expenditure increased with fat-free mass in a power-law manner, with four distinct life stages. Fat-free mass–adjusted expenditure accelerates rapidly in neonates to ~50% above adult values at ~1 year; declines slowly to adult levels by ~20 years; remains stable in adulthood (20 to 60 years), even during pregnancy; then declines in older adults. These changes shed light on human development and aging and should help shape nutrition and health strategies across the life span.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.abe5017
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Late lactation in small mammals is a critically sensitive window of vulnerability to elevated ambient temperature
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2020
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 117, No. 39 ( 2020-09-29), p. 24352-24358
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, No. 39 ( 2020-09-29), p. 24352-24358
    Abstract: Predicted increases in global average temperature are physiologically trivial for most endotherms. However, heat waves will also increase in both frequency and severity, and these will be physiologically more important. Lactating small mammals are hypothesized to be limited by heat dissipation capacity, suggesting high temperatures may adversely impact lactation performance. We measured reproductive performance of mice and striped hamsters ( Cricetulus barabensis ), including milk energy output (MEO), at temperatures between 21 and 36 °C. In both species, there was a decline in MEO between 21 and 33 °C. In mice, milk production at 33 °C was only 18% of that at 21 °C. This led to reductions in pup growth by 20% but limited pup mortality (0.8%), because of a threefold increase in growth efficiency. In contrast, in hamsters, MEO at 33 °C was reduced to 78.1% of that at 21 °C, yet this led to significant pup mortality (possibly infanticide) and reduced pup growth by 12.7%. Hamster females were more able to sustain milk production as ambient temperature increased, but they and their pups were less capable of adjusting to the lower supply. In both species, exposure to 36 °C resulted in rapid catastrophic lactation failure and maternal mortality. Upper lethal temperature was lowered by 3 to 6 °C in late lactation, making it a critically sensitive window to high ambient temperatures. Our data suggest future heat wave events will impact breeding success of small rodents, but this is based on animals with a long history in captivity. More work should be performed on wild rodents to confirm these impacts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008974117
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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