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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The role of amphiphilic chitosan in hybrid nanocellulose–reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Polymers for Advanced Technologies Vol. 32, No. 9 ( 2021-09), p. 3446-3457
    Details
    In: Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Wiley, Vol. 32, No. 9 ( 2021-09), p. 3446-3457
    Abstract: The blending of hydrophilic materials with hydrophobic polymers has been reported with agglomeration due to their functional group immiscibility properties. In this study, the properties of PLA/CNF biocomposite were enhanced with amphiphilic chitosan produced by a substitution reaction. The substitution reaction was studied with FT‐IR analysis. The amphiphilic chitosan was used as part of the matrix PLA/chitosan and reinforced with CNF to obtain PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite using combined melt extrusion and compression molding technique. The morphology and structural bonding of amphiphilic chitosan added in the biocomposite were studied with SEM, XRD, and FT‐IR. Furthermore, the mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties of PLA/chitosan/CNF composite were studied with tensile analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, water absorption, thickness swelling, and contact angle test. The preparation of the amphiphilic chitosan was successful, as observed from the FT‐IR functional group analysis. The PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite properties showed a significant enhancement in the miscibility, mechanical, and thermal properties with no agglomeration. The wettability test also showed that the composite has a reduced hydrophobic nature compared with the neat PLA. The PLA/chitosan/CNF properties showed potential use for packaging application.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1042-7147 , 1099-1581
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/pat.v32.9
    DOI: 10.1002/pat.5355
    RVK:
    VA 6586
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481102-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Properties and Interfacial Bonding Enhancement of Oil Palm Bio-Ash Nanoparticles Biocomposites
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2021-05-17), p. 1615-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2021-05-17), p. 1615-
    Abstract: The effect of incorporating different loadings of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles from agriculture waste on the properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin was investigated in this study. The bio-ash filler was used to enhance the performance of phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. Phenol-formaldehyde resin filled with oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles was prepared via the in-situ polymerization process to produce nanocomposites. The transmission electron microscope and particle size analyzer result revealed that oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles had a spherical geometry of 90 nm. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction results confirmed the formation of crystalline structure in oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles and phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles with 1% loading in phenol-formaldehyde resin enhanced the internal bonding strength of plywood composites. The scanning electron microscope image revealed that phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites morphology had better uniform distribution and dispersion with 1% oil palm bio-ash nanoparticle loading than other phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites produced. The nanocomposite has potential use in the development of particle and panel board for industrial applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13101615
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Extraction of Cellulose Nanofibers via Eco-friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Treatment Followed by Mild Acid Hydrolysis and the Fabrication of Cellulose Nanopapers
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Polymers Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2019-11-05), p. 1813-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2019-11-05), p. 1813-
    Abstract: The conventional isolation of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) process involves high energy input which leads to compromising the pulp fiber’s physical and chemical properties, in addition to the issue of elemental chlorine-based bleaching, which is associated with serious environmental issues. This study investigates the characteristic functional properties of CNFs extracted via total chlorine-free (TCF) bleached kenaf fiber followed by an eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) treatment process. The Fourier transmission infra-red FTIR spectra result gave remarkable effective delignification of the kenaf fiber as the treatment progressed. TEM images showed that the extracted CNFs have a diameter in the range of 10–15 nm and length of up to several micrometers, and thereby proved that the supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment followed by mild acid hydrolysis is an efficient technique to extract CNFs from the plant biomass. XRD analysis revealed that crystallinity of the fiber was enhanced after each treatment and the obtained crystallinity index of the raw fiber, alkali treated fiber, bleached fiber, and cellulose nanofiber were 33.2%, 54.6%, 88.4%, and 92.8% respectively. SEM images showed that amorphous portions like hemicellulose and lignin were removed completely after the alkali and bleaching treatment, respectively. Moreover, we fabricated a series of cellulose nanopapers using the extracted CNFs suspension via a simple vacuum filtration technique. The fabricated cellulose nanopaper exhibited a good tensile strength of 75.7 MPa at 2.45% strain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym11111813
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Functional Properties of Antimicrobial Neem Leaves Extract Based Macroalgae Biofilms for Potential Use as Active Dry Packaging Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2021-05-20), p. 1664-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2021-05-20), p. 1664-
    Abstract: Antimicrobial irradiated seaweed–neem biocomposite films were synthesized in this study. The storage functional properties of the films were investigated. Characterization of the prepared films was conducted using SEM, FT-IR, contact angle, and antimicrobial test. The macroscopic and microscopic including the analysis of the functional group and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry test revealed the main active constituents present in the neem extract, which was used an essential component of the fabricated films. Neem leaves’ extracts with 5% w/w concentration were incorporated into the matrix of seaweed biopolymer and the seaweed–neem bio-composite film were irradiated with different dosages of gamma radiation (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kGy). The tensile, thermal, and the antimicrobial properties of the films were studied. The results revealed that the irradiated films exhibited improved functional properties compared to the control film at 1.5 kGy radiation dosage. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, and toughness exhibited by the films increased, while the elongation of the irradiated bio-composite film decreased compared to the control film. The morphology of the irradiated films demonstrated a smoother surface compared to the control and provided surface intermolecular interaction of the neem–seaweed matrix. The film indicated an optimum storage stability under ambient conditions and demonstrated no significant changes in the visual appearance. However, an increase in the moisture content was exhibited by the film, and the hydrophobic properties was retained until nine months of the storage period. The study of the films antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Bacillus subtilis (BS) indicated improved resistance to bacterial activities after the incorporation of neem leaves extract and gamma irradiation. The fabricated irradiated seaweed–neem bio-composite film could be used as an excellent sustainable packaging material due to its effective storage stability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13101664
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cotton Wastes Functionalized Biomaterials from Micro to Nano: A Cleaner Approach for a Sustainable Environmental Application
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2021-03-24), p. 1006-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2021-03-24), p. 1006-
    Abstract: The exponential increase in textile cotton wastes generation and the ineffective processing mechanism to mitigate its environmental impact by developing functional materials with unique properties for geotechnical applications, wastewater, packaging, and biomedical engineering have become emerging global concerns among researchers. A comprehensive study of a processed cotton fibres isolation technique and their applications are highlighted in this review. Surface modification of cotton wastes fibre increases the adsorption of dyes and heavy metals removal from wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have demonstrated high adsorption capacity for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have found remarkable application in slope amendments, reinforcement of expansive soils and building materials, and a proven source for isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Several research work on the use of cotton waste for functional application rather than disposal has been done. However, no review study has discussed the potentials of cotton wastes from source (Micro-Nano) to application. This review critically analyses novel isolation techniques of CNC from cotton wastes with an in-depth study of a parameter variation effect on their yield. Different pretreatment techniques and efficiency were discussed. From the analysis, chemical pretreatment is considered the most efficient extraction of CNCs from cotton wastes. The pretreatment strategies can suffer variation in process conditions, resulting in distortion in the extracted cellulose’s crystallinity. Acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid is the most used extraction process for cotton wastes-based CNC. A combined pretreatment process, such as sonication and hydrolysis, increases the crystallinity of cotton-based CNCs. The improvement of the reinforced matrix interface of textile fibres is required for improved packaging and biomedical applications for the sustainability of cotton-based CNCs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13071006
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Incorporation of coconut shell based nanoparticles in kenaf/coconut fibres reinforced vinyl ester composites
    IOP Publishing ; 2017
    In:  Materials Research Express Vol. 4, No. 3 ( 2017-03-15), p. 035020-
    Details
    In: Materials Research Express, IOP Publishing, Vol. 4, No. 3 ( 2017-03-15), p. 035020-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2053-1591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/aa62ec
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2760382-9
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Isolation of Cellulose Nanofibre and Enhancement Properties in Biopolymer Composites
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Molecules Vol. 26, No. 17 ( 2021-08-31), p. 5276-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 26, No. 17 ( 2021-08-31), p. 5276-
    Abstract: The physical properties, such as the fibre dimension and crystallinity, of cellulose nanofibre (CNF) are significant to its functional reinforcement ability in composites. This study used supercritical carbon dioxide as a fibre bundle defibrillation pretreatment for the isolation of CNF from bamboo, in order to enhance its physical properties. The isolated CNF was characterised through zeta potential, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR analysis. Commercial CNF was used as a reference to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties of the bamboo and commercial CNF-reinforced PLA/chitin were also analysed. The TEM and FT-IR results showed the successful isolation of CNF from bamboo using this method, with good colloidal stability shown by the zeta potential results. The properties of the isolated bamboo CNF were similar to the commercial type. However, the fibre diameter distribution and the crystallinity index significantly differed between the bamboo and the commercial CNF. The bamboo CNF had a smaller fibre size and a higher crystallinity index than the commercial CNF. The results from the CNF-reinforced biocomposite showed that the physical, mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties were significantly different due to the variations in their fibre sizes and crystallinity indices. The properties of bamboo CNF biocomposites were significantly better than those of commercial CNF biocomposites. This indicates that the physical properties (fibre size and crystallinity) of an isolated CNF significantly affect its reinforcement ability in biocomposites. The physical properties of isolated CNFs are partly dependent on their source and production method, among other factors. These composites can be used for various industrial applications, including packaging.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175276
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Patchouli Extracted via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) Extraction
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 18 ( 2022-09-15), p. 6025-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 18 ( 2022-09-15), p. 6025-
    Abstract: Patchouli extracts and oils extracted from Pogostemon cablin are essential raw material for the perfume and cosmetics industries, in addition to being used as a natural additive for food flavoring. Steam distillation is a standard method used for plant extraction. However, this method causes thermal degradation of some essential components of the oil. In this study, patchouli was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) under different conditions of pressure (10–30 MPa) and temperature (40–80 °C). The chemical components of the crude extracted oil and the functional group were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was shown to provide a higher yield (12.41%) at a pressure of 20 MPa and a temperature of 80 °C. Patchouli alcohol, Azulene, δ-Guaiene, and Seychellene are the main bioactive compounds that GC-MS results have identified. FTIR spectra showed alcohol, aldehyde, and aromatic ring bond stretching peaks. Extraction of patchouli with supercritical carbon dioxide provided a higher yield and a better quality of the crude patchouli oil.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186025
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Techno-functional Properties of Edible Packaging Films at Different Polysaccharide Blends
    Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Physical Science Vol. 30, No. Supp.1 ( 2019-02-15), p. 23-41
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Science, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, Vol. 30, No. Supp.1 ( 2019-02-15), p. 23-41
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1675-3402 , 2180-4230
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21315/jps2019.30.s1
    DOI: 10.21315/jps
    DOI: 10.21315/jps2019.30.s1.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2549008-4
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of Typha angustifilia Fiber–Matrix Bonding Parameters on Interfacial Shear Strength Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Polymers Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-03-02), p. 1006-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-03-02), p. 1006-
    Abstract: The microbond test of natural fibers tends to produce scattered interfacial shear stress (IFSS) values. The sources of this scattering are known, but the roles they play in producing high IFSS scattering remain to be investigated. In this study, a numerical method was used to simulate microbond testing and to examine the experimental parameters in a microbond test of Typha angustifolia fiber/epoxy. Three parameters were considered: fiber diameter, fiber length embedded in the epoxy, and the distance between the vise and the specimen. The geometries were modeled and analyzed by ABAQUS software using its cohesive zone model features. There were two types of contact used in this analysis: tie constraint and surface-to-surface. The results showcased the roles of the following experimental parameters: a larger fiber diameter from a sample increased the IFSS value, a longer embedded length reduced the IFSS value, and a shorter vise–specimen distance increased the IFSS value. The IFSS scattering in the microbond test could have originated from the interaction between these parameters. Of the three parameters, only the vise–specimen distance was found to be able to be reasonably controlled. When the IFSS value was atypically large, fiber diameter and/or embedded length potentially drove the scattering. This study advises further compilation and classification of the role of each experimental parameter in modulating the IFSS value.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym14051006
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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