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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Combined In Vitro Tests as an Alternative to In Vivo Eye Irritation Tests
    SAGE Publications ; 2010
    In:  Alternatives to Laboratory Animals Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2010-08), p. 303-314
    Details
    In: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, SAGE Publications, Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2010-08), p. 303-314
    Abstract: Accurate methods that test the eye irritation potential of chemicals, which do not involve the use of animals, are needed to meet new regulatory standards. We evaluated the applicability and predictive capacity of five in vitro tests for eye irritation: the Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay; the Chorioallantoic Membrane-Trypan Blue Staining (CAM-TBS) assay; the Fluorescein Leakage Test (FLT); the 3T3-Neutral Red Uptake (3T3-NRU) cytotoxicity assay; and the red blood cell (RBC) haemolysis assay. A panel of 16 chemicals (some at multiple concentrations) was assessed by using the five tests, and the results were compared with historical in vivo Draize test data. The results showed rank correlation and class concordance between the five alternative methods and the Draize test for the 16 chemicals. These in vitro assays had good predictive capacity, reproducibility and reliability when compared to the Draize test. The best relationship was between the HET-CAM, CAM-TBS and FLT results, and the modified maximum average score(s) (MMAS). A prediction model (PM) was developed, based on the maximum possible correlation between the MMAS and the HET-CAM, CAM-TBS and FLT results. The PM had a good predictive capacity when compared to the results of animal tests, indicating its potential value for the in vitro screening of chemicals for eye irritation effects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0261-1929 , 2632-3559
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/026119291003800413
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2390905-5
    SSG: 12,22
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Polymer–Inorganic Thermoelectric Nanomaterials: Electrical Properties, Interfacial Chemistry Engineering, and Devices
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Chemistry Vol. 9 ( 2021-4-26)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Chemistry, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 9 ( 2021-4-26)
    Abstract: Though solar cells are one of the promising technologies to address the energy crisis, this technology is still far from commercialization. Thermoelectric materials offer a novel opportunity to convert energy between thermal and electrical aspects, which show the feasibility to improve the performance of solar cells via heat management and light harvesting. Polymer–inorganic thermoelectric nanocomposites consisting of inorganic nanomaterials and functional organic polymers represent one kind of advanced hybrid nanomaterials with tunable optical and electrical characteristics and fascinating interfacial and surface chemistry. During the past decades, they have attracted extensive research interest due to their diverse composition, easy synthesis, and large surface area. Such advanced nanomaterials not only inherit low thermal conductivity from polymers and high Seebeck coefficient, and high electrical conductivity from inorganic materials, but also benefit from the additional interface between each component. In this review, we provide an overview of interfacial chemistry engineering and electrical feature of various polymer–inorganic thermoelectric hybrid nanomaterials, including synthetic methods, properties, and applications in thermoelectric devices. In addition, the prospect and challenges of polymer–inorganic nanocomposites are discussed in the field of thermoelectric energy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-2646
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.677821
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2711776-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Defect‐Engineered Co 3 O 4 @Nitrogen‐Deficient Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for High‐Performance Metal‐Air Batteries
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Small Vol. 18, No. 27 ( 2022-07)
    Details
    In: Small, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. 27 ( 2022-07)
    Abstract: The ability to craft high‐efficiency and non‐precious bifunctional oxygen catalysts opens an enticing avenue for the real‐world implementation of metal‐air batteries (MABs). Herein, Co 3 O 4 encapsulated within nitrogen defect‐rich g‐C 3 N 4 (denoted Co 3 O 4 @ND‐CN) as a bifunctional oxygen catalyst for MABs is prepared by graphitizing the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)‐67@ND‐CN. Co 3 O 4 @ND‐CN possesses superb bifunctional catalytic performance, which facilitates the construction of high‐performance MABs. Concretely, the rechargeable zinc‐air battery based on Co 3 O 4 @ND‐CN shows a superior round‐trip efficiency of ≈60% with long‐term durability (over 340 cycles), exceeding the battery with the state‐of‐the‐art noble metals. The corresponding lithium‐oxygen battery using Co 3 O 4 @ND‐CN exhibits an excellent maximum discharge/charge capacity (9838.8/9657.6 mAh g −1 ), an impressive discharge/charge overpotential (1.14 V/0.18 V), and outstanding cycling stability. Such compelling electrocatalytic processes and device performances of Co 3 O 4 @ND‐CN originate from concurrent compositional (i.e., defect‐engineering) and structural (i.e., wrinkled morphology with abundant porosity) elaboration as well as the well‐defined synergy between Co 3 O 4 and ND‐CN, which produce an advantageous surface electronic environment corroborated by theoretical modeling. By extension, a rich diversity of other metal oxides@ND‐CN with adjustable defects, architecture, and enhanced activities may be rationally designed and crafted for both scientific research on catalytic properties and technological development in renewable energy conversion and storage systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1613-6810 , 1613-6829
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/smll.v18.27
    DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202194
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2168935-0
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Photothermal effect enables markedly enhanced oxygen reduction and evolution activities for high-performance Zn–air batteries
    Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol. 9, No. 35 ( 2021), p. 19734-19740
    Details
    In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Vol. 9, No. 35 ( 2021), p. 19734-19740
    Abstract: The ability to craft high-performance and cost-effective bifunctional oxygen catalysts opens up pivotal perspectives for commercialization of zinc–air batteries (ZABs). Despite recent grand advances in the development of synthetic techniques, the overall performance of electrocatalytic processes enters the bottleneck stage through focusing only on the design and modification of bifunctional catalyst materials. Herein, we report a simple yet robust strategy to markedly boost the performance of ZABs via capitalizing on the photothermal effect. Concretely, a bifunctional electrocatalyst comprising Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles encapsulated within N-doped reduced graphene oxide (denoted as Co 3 O 4 /N-rGO) acted as both active material and photothermal component. Upon light illumination, the compelling photothermal effect of Co 3 O 4 /N-rGO rendered a localized and instant heating of the electrode with more active sites, enhanced electrical conductivity and improved release of bubbles. As such, a prominently reduced indicator Δ E of 0.635 V was realized, significantly outperforming recently reported systems (usually 〉 0.68 V). Corresponding rechargeable ZABs based on Co 3 O 4 /N-rGO air electrodes possessed an excellent maximum power density of 299 mW cm −2 (1.8 times that of Pt/Ru-based ZABs) assisted by the photothermal effect with a superb cycling stability (over 500 cycles). This intensification strategy opens vast possibilities to ameliorate the performance of catalysts via innovatively and conveniently utilizing their photothermal feature, which may advance future application in high-performance ZABs and other energy conversion and storage systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2050-7488 , 2050-7496
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1039/D1TA03652A
    Language: English
    Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2702232-8
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