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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Free-ocean CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 enrichment (FOCE) systems: present status and future developments
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2014
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 11, No. 15 ( 2014-08-01), p. 4057-4075
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 15 ( 2014-08-01), p. 4057-4075
    Abstract: Abstract. Free-ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) systems are designed to assess the impact of ocean acidification on biological communities in situ for extended periods of time (weeks to months). They overcome some of the drawbacks of laboratory experiments and field observations by enabling (1) precise control of CO2 enrichment by monitoring pH as an offset of ambient pH, (2) consideration of indirect effects such as those mediated through interspecific relationships and food webs, and (3) relatively long experiments with intact communities. Bringing perturbation experiments from the laboratory to the field is, however, extremely challenging. The main goal of this paper is to provide guidelines on the general design, engineering, and sensor options required to conduct FOCE experiments. Another goal is to introduce xFOCE, a community-led initiative to promote awareness, provide resources for in situ perturbation experiments, and build a user community. Present and existing FOCE systems are briefly described and examples of data collected presented. Future developments are also addressed as it is anticipated that the next generation of FOCE systems will include, in addition to pH, options for oxygen and/or temperature control. FOCE systems should become an important experimental approach for projecting the future response of marine ecosystems to environmental change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-4057-2014
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO 2 emissions scenarios
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2015
    In:  Science Vol. 349, No. 6243 ( 2015-07-03)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 349, No. 6243 ( 2015-07-03)
    Abstract: The ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change at the cost of profound alterations of its physics, chemistry, ecology, and services. Here, we evaluate and compare the risks of impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems—and the goods and services they provide—for growing cumulative carbon emissions under two contrasting emissions scenarios. The current emissions trajectory would rapidly and significantly alter many ecosystems and the associated services on which humans heavily depend. A reduced emissions scenario—consistent with the Copenhagen Accord’s goal of a global temperature increase of less than 2°C—is much more favorable to the ocean but still substantially alters important marine ecosystems and associated goods and services. The management options to address ocean impacts narrow as the ocean warms and acidifies. Consequently, any new climate regime that fails to minimize ocean impacts would be incomplete and inadequate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4722
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Calcification does not stimulate photosynthesis in the zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata
    Wiley ; 2000
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography Vol. 45, No. 1 ( 2000-01), p. 246-250
    Details
    In: Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, Vol. 45, No. 1 ( 2000-01), p. 246-250
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0024-3590
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4319/lo.2000.45.1.0246
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033191-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 412737-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 14
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    Online Resource
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Coral and mollusc resistance to ocean acidification adversely affected by warming
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2011
    In:  Nature Climate Change Vol. 1, No. 6 ( 2011-9), p. 308-312
    Details
    In: Nature Climate Change, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 1, No. 6 ( 2011-9), p. 308-312
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1758-678X , 1758-6798
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1200
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2603450-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EPOCA/EUR-OCEANS data compilation on the biological and biogeochemical responses to ocean acidification
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2010
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 2, No. 2 ( 2010-07-08), p. 167-175
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 2, No. 2 ( 2010-07-08), p. 167-175
    Abstract: Abstract. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans has led to a rise in the oceanic partial pressure of CO2, and to a decrease in pH and carbonate ion concentration. This modification of the marine carbonate system is referred to as ocean acidification. Numerous papers report the effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms and communities but few have provided details concerning full carbonate chemistry and complementary observations. Additionally, carbonate system variables are often reported in different units, calculated using different sets of dissociation constants and on different pH scales. Hence the direct comparison of experimental results has been problematic and often misleading. The need was identified to (1) gather data on carbonate chemistry, biological and biogeochemical properties, and other ancillary data from published experimental data, (2) transform the information into common framework, and (3) make data freely available. The present paper is the outcome of an effort to integrate ocean carbonate chemistry data from the literature which has been supported by the European Network of Excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS) and the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA). A total of 185 papers were identified, 100 contained enough information to readily compute carbonate chemistry variables, and 81 data sets were archived at PANGAEA – The Publishing Network for Geoscientific & Environmental Data. This data compilation is regularly updated as an ongoing mission of EPOCA. Data access: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.735138
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-2-167-2010
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 enrichment on bacterial metabolism in an Arctic fjord
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2013
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2013-05-15), p. 3285-3296
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2013-05-15), p. 3285-3296
    Abstract: Abstract. The anthropogenic increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) alters the seawater carbonate chemistry, with a decline of pH and an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Although bacteria play a major role in carbon cycling, little is known about the impact of rising pCO2 on bacterial carbon metabolism, especially for natural bacterial communities. In this study, we investigated the effect of rising pCO2 on bacterial production (BP), bacterial respiration (BR) and bacterial carbon metabolism during a mesocosm experiment performed in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) in 2010. Nine mesocosms with pCO2 levels ranging from ca. 180 to 1400 μatm were deployed in the fjord and monitored for 30 days. Generally BP gradually decreased in all mesocosms in an initial phase, showed a large (3.6-fold average) but temporary increase on day 10, and increased slightly after inorganic nutrient addition. Over the wide range of pCO2 investigated, the patterns in BP and growth rate of bulk and free-living communities were generally similar over time. However, BP of the bulk community significantly decreased with increasing pCO2 after nutrient addition (day 14). In addition, increasing pCO2 enhanced the leucine to thymidine (Leu : TdR) ratio at the end of experiment, suggesting that pCO2 may alter the growth balance of bacteria. Stepwise multiple regression analysis suggests that multiple factors, including pCO2, explained the changes of BP, growth rate and Leu : TdR ratio at the end of the experiment. In contrast to BP, no clear trend and effect of changes of pCO2 was observed for BR, bacterial carbon demand and bacterial growth efficiency. Overall, the results suggest that changes in pCO2 potentially influence bacterial production, growth rate and growth balance rather than the conversion of dissolved organic matter into CO2.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-3285-2013
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparison of ten packages that compute ocean carbonate chemistry
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2015
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2015-03-09), p. 1483-1510
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2015-03-09), p. 1483-1510
    Abstract: Abstract. Marine scientists often use two measured or modeled carbonate system variables to compute others. These carbonate chemistry calculations, based on well-known thermodynamic equilibria, are now available in a dozen public packages. Ten of those were compared using common input data and the set of equilibrium constants recommended for best practices. Current versions of all 10 packages agree within 0.2 μatm for pCO2, 0.0002 units for pH, and 0.1 μmol kg−1 for CO32− in terms of surface zonal-mean values. That represents more than a 10-fold improvement relative to outdated versions of the same packages. Differences between packages grow with depth for some computed variables but remain small. Discrepancies derive largely from differences in equilibrium constants. Analysis of the sensitivity of each computed variable to changes in each constant reveals the general dominance of K1 and K2 but also the comparable sensitivity to KB for the AT–CT input pair. Best-practice formulations for K1 and K2 are implemented consistently among packages. Yet with more recent formulations designed to cover a wider range of salinity, packages disagree by up to 8 μatm in pCO2, 0.006 units in pH, and 1 μmol kg−1 in CO32− under typical surface conditions. They use different proposed sets of coefficients for these formulations, all of which are inconsistent. Users would do well to use up-to-date versions of packages and the constants recommended for best practices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-1483-2015
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-1483-2015-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Performance demonstration of vacuum microwave components critical for the operation of the ITER low-field side reflectometer
    AIP Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Review of Scientific Instruments Vol. 92, No. 3 ( 2021-03-01)
    Details
    In: Review of Scientific Instruments, AIP Publishing, Vol. 92, No. 3 ( 2021-03-01)
    Abstract: Final design studies in preparation for manufacturing have been performed for functional components of the vacuum portion of the ITER Low-Field Side Reflectometer (LFSR). These components consist of an antenna array, electron cyclotron heating (ECH) protection mirrors, phase calibration mirrors, and vacuum windows. Evaluation of these components was conducted at the LFSR test facility and DIII-D. The antenna array consists of six corrugated-waveguide antennas for simultaneous profile, fluctuation, and Doppler measurements. A diffraction grating, incorporated into the plasma-facing miter bend, provides protection of sensitive components from stray ECH at 170 GHz. For in situ phase calibration of the LFSR profile reflectometer, an embossed mirror is incorporated into the adjacent miter bend. Measurements of the radiated beam profile indicate that these components have a small, acceptable effect on mode conversion and beam quality. Baseline transmission characteristics of the dual-disk vacuum window are obtained and are used to guide ongoing developments. Preliminary simulations indicate that a surface-relief structure on the window surfaces can greatly improve transmission. The workability of real-time phase measurements was demonstrated on the DIII-D profile reflectometer. The new automated real-time analysis agrees well with the standard post-processing routine.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0034-6748 , 1089-7623
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1063/5.0040255
    Language: English
    Publisher: AIP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209865-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472905-2
    SSG: 11
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Light availability in the coastal ocean: impact on the distribution of benthic photosynthetic organisms and their contribution to primary production
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2006
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 3, No. 4 ( 2006-11-06), p. 489-513
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 3, No. 4 ( 2006-11-06), p. 489-513
    Abstract: Abstract. One of the major features of the coastal zone is that part of its sea floor receives a significant amount of sunlight and can therefore sustain benthic primary production by seagrasses, macroalgae, microphytobenthos and corals. However, the contribution of benthic communities to the primary production of the global coastal ocean is not known, partly because the surface area where benthic primary production can proceed is poorly quantified. Here, we use a new analysis of satellite (SeaWiFS) data collected between 1998 and 2003 to estimate, for the first time at a nearly global scale, the irradiance reaching the bottom of the coastal ocean. The following cumulative functions provide the percentage of the surface (S) of the coastal zone receiving an irradiance greater than Ez (in mol photons m−2 d−1): SNon-polar = 29.61 − 17.92 log10(Ez) + 0.72 log102(Ez) + 0.90 log103(Ez) SArctic = 15.99 − 13.56 log10(Ez) + 1.49 log102(Ez) + 0.70 log103(Ez) Data on the constraint of light availability on the major benthic primary producers and net community production are reviewed. Some photosynthetic organisms can grow deeper than the nominal bottom limit of the coastal ocean (200 m). The minimum irradiance required varies from 0.4 to 5.1 mol photons m−2 d−1 depending on the group considered. The daily compensation irradiance of benthic communities ranges from 0.24 to 4.4 mol photons m−2 d−1. Data on benthic irradiance and light requirements are combined to estimate the surface area of the coastal ocean where (1) light does not limit the distribution of primary producers and (2) net community production (NCP, the balance between gross primary production and community respiration) is positive. Positive benthic NCP can occur over 33% of the global shelf area. The limitations of this approach, related to the spatial resolution of the satellite data, the parameterization used to convert reflectance data to irradiance, the lack of global information on the benthic nepheloid layer, and the relatively limited biological information available, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-3-489-2006
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-3-489-2006-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of ocean acidification on the early life stages of the blue mussel 〈i〉Mytilus edulis〈/i〉
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2010
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 7, No. 7 ( 2010-07-01), p. 2051-2060
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 7, No. 7 ( 2010-07-01), p. 2051-2060
    Abstract: Abstract. Several experiments have shown a decrease of growth and calcification of organisms at decreased pH levels. There is a growing interest to focus on early life stages that are believed to be more sensitive to environmental disturbances such as hypercapnia. Here, we present experimental data, acquired in a commercial hatchery, demonstrating that the growth of planktonic mussel (Mytilus edulis) larvae is significantly affected by a decrease of pH to a level expected for the end of the century. Even though there was no significant effect of a 0.25–0.34 pH unit decrease on hatching and mortality rates during the first 2 days of development nor during the following 13-day period prior to settlement, final shells were respectively 4.5±1.3 and 6.0±2.3% smaller at pHNBS~7.8 (pCO2~1100–1200 μatm) than at a control pHNBS of ~8.1 (pCO2~460–640 μatm). Moreover, a decrease of 12.0±5.4% of shell thickness was observed after 15d of development. More severe impacts were found with a decrease of ~0.5 pHNBS unit during the first 2 days of development which could be attributed to a decrease of calcification due to a slight undersaturation of seawater with respect to aragonite. Indeed, important effects on both hatching and D-veliger shell growth were found. Hatching rates were 24±4% lower while D-veliger shells were 12.7±0.9% smaller at pHNBS~7.6 (pCO2~1900 μatm) than at a control pHNBS of ~8.1 (pCO2~540 μatm). Although these results show that blue mussel larvae are still able to develop a shell in seawater undersaturated with respect to aragonite, the observed decreases of hatching rates and shell growth could lead to a significant decrease of the settlement success. As the environmental conditions considered in this study do not necessarily reflect the natural conditions experienced by this species at the time of spawning, future studies will need to consider the whole larval cycle (from fertilization to settlement) under environmentally relevant conditions in order to investigate the potential ecological and economical losses of a decrease of this species fitness in the field.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-7-2051-2010
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-7-2051-2010-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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