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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of the WRF and CHIMERE models for the simulation of PM 2.5 in large East African urban conurbations
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 22, No. 16 ( 2022-08-23), p. 10677-10701
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 22, No. 16 ( 2022-08-23), p. 10677-10701
    Abstract: Abstract. Urban conurbations of East Africa are affected by harmful levels of air pollution. The paucity of local air quality networks and the absence of the capacity to forecast air quality make difficult to quantify the real level of air pollution in this area. The CHIMERE chemistry transport model has been used along with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorological model to run high-spatial-resolution (2 × 2 km) simulations of hourly concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) for three East African urban conurbations: Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, Nairobi in Kenya, and Kampala in Uganda. Two existing emission inventories were combined to test the performance of CHIMERE as an air quality model for a target monthly period in 2017, and the results were compared against observed data from urban, roadside, and rural sites. The results show that the model is able to reproduce hourly and daily temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations that are close to observed values from urban, roadside, and rural environments. CHIMERE's performance as a tool for managing air quality was also assessed. The analysis demonstrated that, despite the absence of high-resolution data and up-to-date biogenic and anthropogenic emissions, the model was able to reproduce 66 %–99 % of the daily PM2.5 exceedances above the World Health Organization (WHO) 24 h mean PM2.5 guideline (25 µg m−3) in the three cities. An analysis of the 24 h average PM2.5 levels was also carried out for 17 constituencies in the vicinity of Nairobi. This showed that 47 % of the constituencies in the area exhibited a poor Air Quality Index for PM2.5 that was in the unhealthy category for human health, thereby exposing between 10 000 and 30 000 people per square kilometre to harmful levels of air contamination.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-10677-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Volatile Organic Compound Composition of Urban Air in Nairobi, Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2021-10-12), p. 1329-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2021-10-12), p. 1329-
    Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa is seeing rapid urbanization, with the population of cities such as Lagos and Nairobi growing at a rate of 3–4% a year. The region is extremely under-sampled for all air pollutants, particularly VOCs, which are useful markers for source apportionment as well as toxic in their own right. There are many contributors to air pollution in the region, and studies examining fine particulate pollution implicate traffic as the primary source in urban areas. In this pilot study, VOCs were analysed at a selection of roadside and urban background locations in Nairobi and Lagos, and 74 VOCs were quantified. GC×GC–MS/FID analysis revealed all locations were dominated by hydrocarbons typical of vehicle emissions, with the aromatic hydrocarbons benzene and toluene among the most abundant VOCs. Typical personal exposure scenarios for citizens of the cities were calculated to far exceed those of a resident in a city in Europe/US. Finally, the calculated ozone forming potential of the VOCs measured was found to be similarly high to other large cities studied with similar air pollution problems. Further study is therefore essential to determine the full extent of VOC pollution in the region and its impact on tropospheric chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos12101329
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Environmental implications of high metal content in soils of a titanium mining zone in Kenya
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2016
    In:  Environmental Science and Pollution Research Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2016-11), p. 21431-21440
    Details
    In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2016-11), p. 21431-21440
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0944-1344 , 1614-7499
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7249-1
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014192-0
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Investigation of flow dynamics of porous clinkers in a ball mill using technitium-99m as a radiotracer
    Elsevier BV ; 2019
    In:  Applied Radiation and Isotopes Vol. 154 ( 2019-12), p. 108902-
    Details
    In: Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Elsevier BV, Vol. 154 ( 2019-12), p. 108902-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0969-8043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108902
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1499873-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
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    Air quality assessment in three East African cities using calibrated low-cost sensors with a focus on road-based hotspots
    IOP Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Environmental Research Communications Vol. 3, No. 7 ( 2021-07-01), p. 075007-
    Details
    In: Environmental Research Communications, IOP Publishing, Vol. 3, No. 7 ( 2021-07-01), p. 075007-
    Abstract: Poor air quality is a development challenge. Urbanization and industrial development along with increased populations have brought clear socio-economic benefits to Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) but can also bring disadvantages such as decreasing air quality. A lack of reliable air quality data in East African cities makes it difficult to understand air pollution exposure and to predict future air quality trends. This work documents urban air quality and air pollution exposure in the capital cities of Kampala (Uganda), Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and Nairobi (Kenya). We build a situational awareness of air pollution through repeated static and dynamic mobile monitoring in a range of urban locations, including urban background, roadside (pavement and building), rural background, and bus station sites, alongside vehicle-based measurements including buses and motorcycle t axis. Data suggest that the measured particulate matter mass concentrations (PM 2.5 , PM 10 ) in all studied cities was at high concentrations, and often hazardous to human health, as defined by WHO air quality guidelines. Overall, the poorest air quality was observed in Kampala, where mean daily PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations were significantly above the WHO limits at urban background locations by 122% and 69% and at roadside locations by 193% and 215%, respectively. Traffic is clearly a major contributor to East African urban air pollution; monitoring in Kampala and Addis Ababa, on motorcycle t axis, in buses and at bus stations indicated that drivers and commuters were exposed to poor air quality throughout their commute. Road-related air pollution can also impact indoor locations near roads. Using one exemplar building located within Nairobi’s Central Business District, it is shown that measured outdoor PM concentrations significantly correlate with the indoor air quality (r = 0.84). This link between roadside emissions and indoor air pollution within buildings located close to the road should be explored more fully. This study, through a series of case studies, provides clear evidence that roads and traffic need to be a focus for mitigation strategies to reduce air pollution exposure in East African cities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7620
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ac0e0a
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2968222-8
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Black carbon and total carbon measurements at urban and rural sites in Kenya, East Africa
    Elsevier BV ; 2003
    In:  Atmospheric Environment Vol. 37, No. 8 ( 2003-3), p. 1149-1154
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier BV, Vol. 37, No. 8 ( 2003-3), p. 1149-1154
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1352-2310
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01001-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 216368-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1499889-0
    SSG: 14
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  • 7
    Online Resource
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    First WHO Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health: A Brief Report
    Academy of Science of South Africa ; 2019
    In:  Clean Air Journal Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 2019)
    Details
    In: Clean Air Journal, Academy of Science of South Africa, Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 2019)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2410-972X , 1017-1703
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.17159/2410-972X/2019/v29n1a7
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Academy of Science of South Africa
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2876478-X
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essential trace elements in the African spider plant ( Cleome gynandra ). A case study in Molo Ward, Nakuru, Kenya
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  X-Ray Spectrometry Vol. 52, No. 2 ( 2023-03), p. 83-89
    Details
    In: X-Ray Spectrometry, Wiley, Vol. 52, No. 2 ( 2023-03), p. 83-89
    Abstract: In Kenya, cases of malnutrition and nutritionally related ailments have been on the rise. This calls for the search for food crops with vital trace elements. The aim of the current study was to use energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) to determine the concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in the stems and leaves of the African spider plant ( Cleome gynandra ) in the context of nutrition. Stems and leaves of the African spider plant grown in the highland and in the lowland of Molo Ward, Nakuru, Kenya, were found to contain total available Zn in the range of 140 ± 50 to 230 ± 60 mg/kg, Fe in the range of 2200 ± 700 to 3900 ± 1700 mg/kg, Cu at 13 ± 3 to 16 ± 5 mg/kg, and Mn at 380 ± 120 to 400 ± 140 mg/kg. There was no significant difference in the average concentrations of the trace elements in the leaves and stems of the African spider plant from the lowland and highland regions of Molo Ward ( p   〉  0.05). The concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in the African spider plants is high enough to make it a nutritious traditional vegetable. Therefore, farmers should be encouraged and empowered to grow more vegetables.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0049-8246 , 1097-4539
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/xrs.v52.2
    DOI: 10.1002/xrs.3323
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479999-6
    SSG: 11
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  • 9
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    Black carbon emissions from traffic contribute substantially to air pollution in Nairobi, Kenya
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Communications Earth & Environment Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2022-04-01)
    Details
    In: Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2022-04-01)
    Abstract: Rapid urbanization and population growth drives increased air pollution across Sub-Saharan Africa with serious implications for human health, yet pollutant sources are poorly constrained. Here, we analyse fine particulate aerosol concentrations and radiocarbon composition of black carbon over a full annual cycle in Nairobi, Kenya. We find that particle concentrations exceed the World Health Organisation’s recommended safe limit throughout the year, with little seasonal variability in particle concentration or composition. Organics (49 ± 7%) and water-soluble inorganic ions, dominated by sulfates (13 ± 5%), constitute the largest contributors to the particle loadings. Unlike large cities on other continents, the fraction of black carbon in particles is high (15 ± 4%) suggesting black carbon is a prominent air pollutant in Nairobi. Radiocarbon-based source quantification indicates that fossil fuel combustion emissions are a dominant source of black carbon throughout the year (85 ± 3%). Taken together, this indicates that black carbon emissions from traffic are a key stressor for air quality in Nairobi.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2662-4435
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00400-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3037243-4
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOGAS DIGESTATE SLURRIES UNDER VARYING FEEDSTOCKS
    Kenya Society of Environmental, Biological and Agricultural Engineers ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2022-12-05), p. 9-
    Details
    In: Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment, Kenya Society of Environmental, Biological and Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2022-12-05), p. 9-
    Abstract: Biogas production is increasingly considered a good source of clean energy and Biofertilizers in the form of digestate slurry.  This study sought to characterize biogas digester slurries under varying Feedstocks and provide information useful for assessing the potential impact of their usage as organic fertilizer on crop productivity and environment. The study was informed by the need to allow agricultural scientists determine how individual biogas feeds affect the composition of the final digestate and hence the impact the digestates could have. Digestates from human waste, livestock waste, and abattoir waste feedstock were sampled for the study. The pellets from the samples were then analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluoroscopy (EDXRF) spectroscopy for elemental components. After the requisite statistical analysis, the human waste digestate had the highest concentration values for most elements. In human waste, essential elements were determined at 40600 ± 2000, 19000 ± 1140, 1300 ± 400, 200 ± 30, 900 ± 260 ppm for Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu respectively, as compared to Ca (26400 ± 1400), Fe (9500 ± 440), Mn (820 ± 190), Zn (180 ± 40), Cu (360 ± 70), in livestock waste. In abattoir waste, the mean content was 49500 ± 4100 for Ca, 15220 ± 1350 for Fe, 1090 ± 90 for Mn, 200 ± 50 for Zn and 140 ± 50 for Cu. Potentially toxic elements Hg and Cd were determined below detection limits, while Pb concentrations were highest in human waste at 20.81 ppm. The high amounts are associated with the micro industrial activities in Kibera. Therefore, human wastes digestates might be the best nutrient supplement but is the most probable threat to environment. Indeed, an unchecked Bioaccumulation of the other elements might be counterproductive as well. For agronomists, crops need matching with digestates from which they would benefit the most, given unique crop requirements.   
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1562-6946
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.37017/jeae.v6i1.70
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Kenya Society of Environmental, Biological and Agricultural Engineers
    Publication Date: 2022
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