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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report
    University of California Press ; 2020
    In:  Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2020-12-30)
    Details
    In: Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, University of California Press, Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2020-12-30)
    Abstract: Our understanding of the processes that control the burden and budget of tropospheric ozone has changed dramatically over the last 60 years. Models are the key tools used to understand these changes, and these underscore that there are many processes important in controlling the tropospheric ozone budget. In this critical review, we assess our evolving understanding of these processes, both physical and chemical. We review model simulations from the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project and Chemistry Climate Modelling Initiative to assess the changes in the tropospheric ozone burden and its budget from 1850 to 2010. Analysis of these data indicates that there has been significant growth in the ozone burden from 1850 to 2000 (approximately 43 ± 9%) but smaller growth between 1960 and 2000 (approximately 16 ± 10%) and that the models simulate burdens of ozone well within recent satellite estimates. The Chemistry Climate Modelling Initiative model ozone budgets indicate that the net chemical production of ozone in the troposphere plateaued in the 1990s and has not changed since then inspite of increases in the burden. There has been a shift in net ozone production in the troposphere being greatest in the northern mid and high latitudes to the northern tropics, driven by the regional evolution of precursor emissions. An analysis of the evolution of tropospheric ozone through the 21st century, as simulated by Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models, reveals a large source of uncertainty associated with models themselves (i.e., in the way that they simulate the chemical and physical processes that control tropospheric ozone). This structural uncertainty is greatest in the near term (two to three decades), but emissions scenarios dominate uncertainty in the longer term (2050–2100) evolution of tropospheric ozone. This intrinsic model uncertainty prevents robust predictions of near-term changes in the tropospheric ozone burden, and we review how progress can be made to reduce this limitation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2325-1026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2020.034
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 2
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    Measurements of biomass burning influences in the troposphere over southeast Australia during the SAFARI 2000 dry season campaign : DOWNWIND VERTICAL PROFILES IN AUSTRALIA
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2003
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 108, No. D13 ( 2003-07-16), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 108, No. D13 ( 2003-07-16), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002343
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 3
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    Trends of ozone in the troposphere
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1998
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 25, No. 2 ( 1998-01-15), p. 139-142
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 25, No. 2 ( 1998-01-15), p. 139-142
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97GL03505
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 4
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    Trace constituents in the Austral stratosphere
    Wiley ; 1986
    In:  Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Vol. 112, No. 473 ( 1986-07), p. 775-809
    Details
    In: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Wiley, Vol. 112, No. 473 ( 1986-07), p. 775-809
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-9009 , 1477-870X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/qj.v112:473
    DOI: 10.1002/(ISSN)1477-870X
    DOI: 10.1002/qj.49711247312
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 7650
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1986
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  • 5
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    Factors controlling volatile organic compounds in dwellings in Melbourne, Australia
    Hindawi Limited ; 2016
    In:  Indoor Air Vol. 26, No. 2 ( 2016-04), p. 219-230
    Details
    In: Indoor Air, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 26, No. 2 ( 2016-04), p. 219-230
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0905-6947
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ina.2016.26.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/ina.12201
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 6
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    Gridded global surface ozone metrics for atmospheric chemistry model evaluation
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2016-02-11), p. 41-59
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2016-02-11), p. 41-59
    Abstract: Abstract. The concentration of ozone at the Earth's surface is measured at many locations across the globe for the purposes of air quality monitoring and atmospheric chemistry research. We have brought together all publicly available surface ozone observations from online databases from the modern era to build a consistent data set for the evaluation of chemical transport and chemistry-climate (Earth System) models for projects such as the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative and Aer-Chem-MIP. From a total data set of approximately 6600 sites and 500 million hourly observations from 1971–2015, approximately 2200 sites and 200 million hourly observations pass screening as high-quality sites in regionally representative locations that are appropriate for use in global model evaluation. There is generally good data volume since the start of air quality monitoring networks in 1990 through 2013. Ozone observations are biased heavily toward North America and Europe with sparse coverage over the rest of the globe. This data set is made available for the purposes of model evaluation as a set of gridded metrics intended to describe the distribution of ozone concentrations on monthly and annual timescales. Metrics include the moments of the distribution, percentiles, maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8), sum of means over 35 ppb (daily maximum 8-h; SOMO35), accumulated ozone exposure above a threshold of 40 ppbv (AOT40), and metrics related to air quality regulatory thresholds. Gridded data sets are stored as netCDF-4 files and are available to download from the British Atmospheric Data Centre (doi:10.5285/08fbe63d-fa6d-4a7a-b952-5932e3ab0452). We provide recommendations to the ozone measurement community regarding improving metadata reporting to simplify ongoing and future efforts in working with ozone data from disparate networks in a consistent manner.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-8-41-2016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 7
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    Biomass burning emissions of trace gases and particles in marine air at Cape Grim, Tasmania
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2015
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 15, No. 23 ( 2015-12-07), p. 13393-13411
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 23 ( 2015-12-07), p. 13393-13411
    Abstract: Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) plumes were measured at the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station during the 2006 Precursors to Particles campaign, when emissions from a fire on nearby Robbins Island impacted the station. Measurements made included non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) (PTR-MS), particle number size distribution, condensation nuclei (CN) 〉 3 nm, black carbon (BC) concentration, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number, ozone (O3), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), halocarbons and meteorology. During the first plume strike event (BB1), a 4 h enhancement of CO (max ~ 2100 ppb), BC (~ 1400 ng m-3) and particles 〉 3 nm (~ 13 000 cm-3) with dominant particle mode of 120 nm were observed overnight. A wind direction change lead to a dramatic reduction in BB tracers and a drop in the dominant particle mode to 50 nm. The dominant mode increased in size to 80 nm over 5 h in calm sunny conditions, accompanied by an increase in ozone. Due to an enhancement in BC but not CO during particle growth, the presence of BB emissions during this period could not be confirmed. The ability of particles 〉 80 nm (CN80) to act as CCN at 0.5 % supersaturation was investigated. The ΔCCN / ΔCN80 ratio was lowest during the fresh BB plume (56 ± 8 %), higher during the particle growth period (77 ± 4 %) and higher still (104 ± 3 %) in background marine air. Particle size distributions indicate that changes to particle chemical composition, rather than particle size, are driving these changes. Hourly average CCN during both BB events were between 2000 and 5000 CCN cm-3, which were enhanced above typical background levels by a factor of 6–34, highlighting the dramatic impact BB plumes can have on CCN number in clean marine regions. During the 29 h of the second plume strike event (BB2) CO, BC and a range of NMOCs including acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were clearly enhanced and some enhancements in O3 were observed (ΔO3 / ΔCO 0.001–0.074). A short-lived increase in NMOCs by a factor of 10 corresponded with a large CO enhancement, an increase of the NMOC / CO emission ratio (ER) by a factor of 2–4 and a halving of the BC / CO ratio. Rainfall on Robbins Island was observed by radar during this period which likely resulted in a lower fire combustion efficiency, and higher emission of compounds associated with smouldering. This highlights the importance of relatively minor meteorological events on BB emission ratios. Emission factors (EFs) were derived for a range of trace gases, some never before reported for Australian fires, (including hydrogen, phenol and toluene) using the carbon mass balance method. This provides a unique set of EFs for Australian coastal heathland fires. Methyl halide EFs were higher than EFs reported from other studies in Australia and the Northern Hemisphere which is likely due to high halogen content in vegetation on Robbins Island. This work demonstrates the substantial impact that BB plumes can have on the composition of marine air, and the significant changes that can occur as the plume interacts with terrestrial, aged urban and marine emission sources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-13393-2015
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-13393-2015-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 8
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    Measurements of nitric oxide in the stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere
    Wiley ; 1980
    In:  Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Vol. 106, No. 450 ( 1980-10), p. 887-894
    Details
    In: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Wiley, Vol. 106, No. 450 ( 1980-10), p. 887-894
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-9009 , 1477-870X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/qj.v106:450
    DOI: 10.1002/(ISSN)1477-870X
    DOI: 10.1002/qj.49710645017
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 7650
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1980
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  • 9
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    Comparisons of field measurements of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes with model simulations for a legume pasture in southeast Australia
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 102, No. D23 ( 1997-12-20), p. 28013-28024
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. D23 ( 1997-12-20), p. 28013-28024
    Abstract: We measured the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CC 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and relevant environmental variables for two treatments in a legume pasture system on an acid soil in southeast Australia during 1993. The two treatments were control and liming (to reduce soil acidity). These trace gas fluxes were also simulated using a revised version of the process‐based model DNDC. Our version of the DNDC (Denitrification and Decomposition) model has been significantly modified by including a surface energy balance submodel; by using more comprehensive formulations for soil evaporation, plant transpiration, plant growth, and plant nitrogen uptake; by using an implicit difference scheme to solve the diffusion equations governing heat and water fluxes in the soil; and by initializing the soil organic carbon in different pools using their relative proportions at the steady state. The simulated average nighttime CO 2 fluxes from the control plot were 0.07, 0.05, and 0.16 g C m −2 h −1 in March, August, and October of 1993, respectively, as compared with the measured average nighttime CO 2 fluxes of 0.10, 0.07, and 0.14 g C m −2 h −1 for the corresponding periods. The simulated average daily N 2 O fluxes from the control plot were 0.09, 0.03, and 0.04 mg N m −2 d −1 in March, August, and October of 1993, respectively, as compared with the measured average daily N 2 O fluxes of 0.07, 0.03, and 0.16 mg N m −2 d −1 for the corresponding periods. Similar agreements between model simulations of CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes and measurements were also obtained for the limed plot. We find that the simulations by model DNDC and field observations of gaseous N 2 O emissions agree well over a range of 3 orders of magnitude. We conclude that the daily and seasonal variations of CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes on a plot scale can be reasonably simulated by this process‐based model. The model shows that the fraction of N 2 O produced aerobically from nitrification was 73% for the control plot and 55% for the limed plots in 1993; therefore mitigation strategies for reducing N 2 O emission from such temperate or semiarid nitrogen‐limited systems in Australia should be focused on the N 2 O loss from nitrification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JD02063
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 10
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    Relationships between ozone photolysis rates and peroxy radical concentrations in clean marine air over the Southern Ocean
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 102, No. D11 ( 1997-06-20), p. 12805-12817
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. D11 ( 1997-06-20), p. 12805-12817
    Abstract: Measurements of the sum of inorganic and organic peroxy radicals (RO 2 ) and photolysis rate coefficients J (NO 2 ) and J (O 1 D ) have been made at Cape Grim, Tasmania in the course of a comprehensive experiment which studied photochemistry in the unpolluted marine boundary layer. The SOAPEX (Southern Ocean Atmospheric Photochemistry Experiment) campaign included measurements of ozone, peroxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapor, and many other parameters. This first full length paper concerned with the experiment focuses on the types of relationships observed between peroxy radicals and J (NO 2 ), J (O 1 D ) and √[ J (O 1 D )] in different air masses in which ozone is either produced or destroyed by photochemistry. It was found that in baseline air with ozone loss, RO 2 was proportional to √[ J (O 1 D )], whereas in more polluted air RO 2 was proportional to J (O 1 D ). Simple algorithms were derived to explain these relationships and also to calculate the concentrations of OH radicals in baseline air from the instantaneous RO 2 concentrations. The signal to noise ratio of the peroxy radical measurements was up to 10 for 1‐min values and much higher than in other previous deployments of the instrument in the northern hemisphere, leading to the confident determination of the relationships between RO 2 and J (O 1 D ) in different conditions. The absolute concentration Of RO 2 determined in these experiments is in some doubt, but this does not affect our conclusions concerned either with the behavior of peroxy radicals with changing light levels or with the concentrations of OH calculated from RO 2 . The results provide confidence that the level of understanding of the photochemistry of ozone leading to the production of peroxide via recombination of peroxy radicals in clean air environments is well advanced.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JD00765
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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