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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of stand composition on fire hazard in mixed‐wood Canadian boreal forest
    Wiley ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Vegetation Science Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2000-12), p. 813-824
    Details
    In: Journal of Vegetation Science, Wiley, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2000-12), p. 813-824
    Abstract: Abstract. Surface fuels were examined in 48 stands of the Canadian mixed‐wood boreal forest. Tree canopy was characterized with the point‐centred quadrant method and stands were characterized as deciduous, mixed‐deciduous, mixed‐coniferous or coniferous according to the percentage of conifer basal area. Woody debris loadings were measured with the line intersect method and the litter, duff, shrub loads and depths or heights were sampled with various quadrats. No significant difference was found among stand types for total woody debris load, large basal diameter shrub loads and load or depth of litter and duff. However, conifer stands had significantly heavier loads of small diameter elements (twigs and shrubs) and conifer pieces were more numerous within these stands than in deciduous stands. The BEHAVE prediction system was used to evaluate the impact of these differences on the potential of fire ignition in situations where topography and weather were constant. The qualitative and quantitative changes in fuels, resulting from species replacement and fast decay rates, influence fire hazard. Simulations of fire behaviour showed that in the mixed‐wood boreal forest fires were less intense and spread more slowly in deciduous stands than in mixed or coniferous stands. Moreover, spring fires were more intense than summer fires, and differences between seasons increased with the increase of deciduous basal area.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1100-9233 , 1654-1103
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2307/3236551
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2047714-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1053769-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 23
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Examining the utility of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System in boreal peatlands
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2012
    In:  Canadian Journal of Forest Research Vol. 42, No. 1 ( 2012-01), p. 47-58
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 42, No. 1 ( 2012-01), p. 47-58
    Abstract: The Duff Moisture Code (DMC) and Drought Code (DC) components of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System are used by fire managers to assess the vulnerability of organic soils to ignition and depth of burn despite being developed for upland soils. Given the need to assess wildfire risk in peatlands, we compared the DMC and DC in eight peatlands located in five regions in boreal Canada with water table position (WT) and surface volumetric moisture content (VMC). The slope of the change in WT and DC relationship ranged greatly (–0.01 to –0.11 cm) between sites and years likely due to differences in site-specific peat properties, catchment water supply, and presence of seasonal ice. A DC of 400, which has been associated with wildfire vulnerability in uplands, corresponded to a seasonal drop in WT in the range of 4–36 cm. The slopes of the relationships between DMC and DC with 5 and 15 cm VMC also varied greatly between sites. Our findings suggest that these FWI components are suitable for predicting the general moisture status and fire danger in boreal peatlands. However, there is a need for a modified DC for specific peat types to indicate when the WT has reached a critical depth upon which fire danger increases. We also present a suggested framework for the development of a new peat moisture code within the FWI.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0045-5067 , 1208-6037
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/x11-162
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473096-0
    SSG: 23
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An introduction to Canada’s boreal zone: ecosystem processes, health, sustainability, and environmental issues
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2013
    In:  Environmental Reviews Vol. 21, No. 4 ( 2013-12), p. 207-226
    Details
    In: Environmental Reviews, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 21, No. 4 ( 2013-12), p. 207-226
    Abstract: The boreal zone and its ecosystems provide numerous provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. Because of its resources and its hydroelectric potential, Canada’s boreal zone is important to the country’s resource-based economy. The region presently occupied by Canada’s boreal zone has experienced dramatic changes during the past 3 million years as the climate cooled and repeated glaciations affected both the biota and the landscape. For about the past 7000 years, climate, fire, insects, diseases, and their interactions have been the most important natural drivers of boreal ecosystem dynamics, including rejuvenation, biogeochemical cycling, maintenance of productivity, and landscape variability. Layered upon natural drivers are changes increasingly caused by people and development and those related to human-caused climate change. Effects of these agents vary spatially and temporally, and, as global population increases, the demands and impacts on ecosystems will likely increase. Understanding how humans directly affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Canada’s boreal zone and how these effects and actions interact with natural disturbance agents is a prerequisite for informed and adaptive decisions about management of natural resources, while maintaining the economy and environment upon which humans depend. This paper reports on the genesis and present condition of the boreal zone and its ecosystems and sets the context for a detailed scientific investigation in subsequent papers published in this journal on several key aspects: carbon in boreal forests; climate change consequences, adaptation, and mitigation; nutrient and elemental cycling; protected areas; status, impacts, and risks of non-native species; factors affecting sustainable timber harvest levels; terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity; and water and wetland resources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1181-8700 , 1208-6053
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/er-2013-0040
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2027518-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Anticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada’s boreal forest ecosystems
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2013
    In:  Environmental Reviews Vol. 21, No. 4 ( 2013-12), p. 322-365
    Details
    In: Environmental Reviews, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 21, No. 4 ( 2013-12), p. 322-365
    Abstract: Canadian boreal woodlands and forests cover approximately 3.09 × 10 6 km 2 , located within a larger boreal zone characterized by cool summers and long cold winters. Warming since the 1850s, increases in annual mean temperature of at least 2 °C between 2000 and 2050 are highly probable. Annual mean temperatures across the Canadian boreal zone could be 4–5 °C warmer than today’s by 2100. All aspects of boreal forest ecosystem function are likely to be affected. Further, several potential “tipping elements” — where exposure to increasing changes in climate may trigger distinct shifts in ecosystem state — can be identified across the Canadian boreal zone. Approximately 40% of the forested area is underlain by permafrost, some of which is already degrading irreversibly, triggering a process of forest decline and re-establishment lasting several decades, while also releasing significant quantities of greenhouse gases that will amplify the future global warming trend. Warmer temperatures coupled with significant changes in the distribution and timing of annual precipitation are likely to cause serious tree-killing droughts in the west; east of the Great Lakes, however, where precipitation is generally nonlimiting, warming coupled with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide may stimulate higher forest productivity. Large wildfires, which can cause serious economic losses, are expected to become more frequent, but increases in mean annual area burned will be relatively gradual. The most immediate threats could come from endemic forest insect pests that have the potential for population outbreaks in response to relatively small temperature increases. Quantifying the multiple effects of climate change will be challenging, particularly because there are great uncertainties attached to possible interactions among them, as well as with other land-use pressures. Considerable ingenuity will be needed from forest managers and scientists to address the formidable challenges posed by climate change to boreal ecosystems and develop effective strategies to adapt sustainable forest management practices to the impending changes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1181-8700 , 1208-6053
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/er-2013-0042
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2027518-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Red pine abundance: current climatic control and responses to future warming
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1994
    In:  Canadian Journal of Forest Research Vol. 24, No. 6 ( 1994-06-01), p. 1166-1175
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 24, No. 6 ( 1994-06-01), p. 1166-1175
    Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between climatic variables and the abundance of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.). Two aspects of this climate–abundance relationship were addressed. First, a model was developed to fit the present day range and abundance of red pine using available climatic variables in the expectation of better understanding the processes controlling distribution. Second, general circulation models were used to explore the implications of a 2 × CO 2 (greenhouse warming) environment on the range and abundance of red pine. Using a response surface, growing degree-days (base 10 °C), and precipitation explained 54% of the variance in an independent data set of red pine volume per unit area. Possible explanations for the present day boundaries of red pine are competition for the southern limit, insufficient moisture for the southwestern limit, and insufficient warmth during the growing season at the northern limit. The greenhouse warming simulation suggested a dramatic northeastward shift of 600–800 km in the potential range of red pine and a decrease in total area, but it also suggested higher volumes per unit area.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0045-5067 , 1208-6037
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/x94-154
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1994
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473096-0
    SSG: 23
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A laboratory study of the effect of temperature on red pine seed germination
    Elsevier BV ; 1993
    In:  Forest Ecology and Management Vol. 62, No. 1-4 ( 1993-12), p. 145-156
    Details
    In: Forest Ecology and Management, Elsevier BV, Vol. 62, No. 1-4 ( 1993-12), p. 145-156
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0378-1127
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0378-1127(93)90047-Q
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1993
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016648-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 751138-3
    SSG: 23
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate change and forest fires
    Elsevier BV ; 2000
    In:  Science of The Total Environment Vol. 262, No. 3 ( 2000-11), p. 221-229
    Details
    In: Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier BV, Vol. 262, No. 3 ( 2000-11), p. 221-229
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0048-9697
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00524-6
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498726-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 121506-1
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lightning and Fires in the Northwest Territories and Responses to Future Climate Change
    The Arctic Institute of North America ; 2009
    In:  ARCTIC Vol. 59, No. 2 ( 2009-12-18)
    Details
    In: ARCTIC, The Arctic Institute of North America, Vol. 59, No. 2 ( 2009-12-18)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1923-1245 , 0004-0843
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.14430/arctic343
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Arctic Institute of North America
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2126134-9
    SSG: 14
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparison of methods for spatial interpolation of fire weather in Alberta, Canada
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2017
    In:  Canadian Journal of Forest Research Vol. 47, No. 12 ( 2017-12), p. 1646-1658
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 47, No. 12 ( 2017-12), p. 1646-1658
    Abstract: Spatial interpolation of fire weather variables from station data allow fire danger indices to be mapped continuously across the landscape. This information is crucial to fire management agencies, particularly in areas where weather data are sparse. We compare the performance of several standard interpolation methods (inverse distance weighting, spline, and geostatistical interpolation methods) for estimating output from the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) system at unmonitored locations. We find that geostatistical methods (kriging) generally outperform the other methods, particularly when elevation is used as a covariate. We also find that interpolation of the input meteorological variables and the previous day’s moisture codes to unmonitored locations followed by calculation of the FWI output variables is preferable to first calculating the FWI output variables and then interpolating, in contrast to previous studies. Alternatively, when the previous day’s moisture codes are estimated from interpolated weather, rather than directly interpolated, errors can accumulate and become large. This effect is particularly evident for the duff moisture code and drought moisture code due to their significant autocorrelation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0045-5067 , 1208-6037
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2017-0101
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473096-0
    SSG: 23
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The association between Northern Hemisphere climate patterns and interannual variability in Canadian wildfire activity
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2011
    In:  Canadian Journal of Forest Research Vol. 41, No. 11 ( 2011-11), p. 2193-2201
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 41, No. 11 ( 2011-11), p. 2193-2201
    Abstract: Wildfire impacts on ecological and socioeconomic systems are regulated, in part, by climate. Association between hemispheric-scale climate patterns and annual wildfire activity can be obscured by local factors that also control the initiation and spread of fires. Vegetation, topography, and fire suppression can be expected to influence conventional measures of annual wildfire activity such as area burned, effectively concealing evidence of broad-scale climate influences. This study investigates alternatives to area-burned statistics for quantifying annual wildfire activity in Canada in relation to Northern Hemisphere climate variability represented by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). We depart from conventional approaches by including socioeconomic measures of wildfire activity and by assessing spatially referenced wildfire data over units of observation chosen explicitly to diminish variability caused by factors unrelated to broad-scale climate. Our data-centred approach, combined with linear regression modelling, revealed that the AMO was positively correlated with national time series of very large fires (≥10 000 ha), wildfire-related evacuations, and fire suppression expenditures over the period 1975–2007. The AMO and wildfire activity were most closely coupled during a period of predominantly positive-phase Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) between 1989 and 2001. Positive correlation between maximum evacuation wind speed and the AMO suggests that wind may be a causal factor in the AMO–wildfire relationship.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0045-5067 , 1208-6037
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/x11-131
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473096-0
    SSG: 23
    SSG: 12
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