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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Changes in the foliar fungal community between oak leaf flushes along a latitudinal gradient in Europe
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Biogeography Vol. 49, No. 12 ( 2022-12), p. 2269-2280
    Details
    In: Journal of Biogeography, Wiley, Vol. 49, No. 12 ( 2022-12), p. 2269-2280
    Abstract: Leaves support a large diversity of fungi, which are known to cause plant diseases, induce plant defences or influence leaf senescence and decomposition. To advance our understanding of how foliar fungal communities are structured and assembled, we assessed to what extent leaf flush and latitude can explain the within‐ and among‐tree variation in foliar fungal communities. Location A latitudinal gradient spanning c . 20 degrees in latitude in Europe. Taxa The foliar fungal community associated with a foundation tree species, the pedunculate oak Quercus robur . Methods We examined the main and interactive effects of leaf flush and latitude on the foliar fungal community by sampling 20 populations of the pedunculate oak Quercus robur across the tree's range. We used the ITS region as a target for characterization of fungal communities using DNA metabarcoding. Results Species composition, but not species richness, differed between leaf flushes. Across the latitudinal gradient, species richness was highest in the central part of the oak's distributional range, and foliar fungal community composition shifted along the latitudinal gradient. Among fungal guilds, the relative abundance of plant pathogens and mycoparasites was lower on the first leaf flush, and the relative abundance of plant pathogens and saprotrophs decreased with latitude. Conclusions Changes in community composition between leaf flushes and along the latitudinal gradient were mostly a result of species turnover. Overall, our findings demonstrate that leaf flush and latitude explain 5%–22% of the small‐ and large‐scale spatial variation in the foliar fungal community on a foundation tree within the temperate region. Using space‐for‐time substitution, we expect that foliar fungal community structure will change with climate warming, with an increase in the abundance of plant pathogens and mycoparasites at higher latitudes, with major consequences for plant health, species interactions and ecosystem dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0305-0270 , 1365-2699
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jbi.v49.12
    DOI: 10.1111/jbi.14508
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 188963-1
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  • 2
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    Climate and host genotype jointly shape tree phenology, disease levels and insect attacks
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Oikos Vol. 129, No. 3 ( 2020-03), p. 391-401
    Details
    In: Oikos, Wiley, Vol. 129, No. 3 ( 2020-03), p. 391-401
    Abstract: One of the best known ecological consequences of climate change is the advancement of spring phenology. Yet, we lack insights into how changes in climate interact with intraspecific genetic variation in shaping spring and autumn phenology, and how such changes in phenology will translate into seasonal dynamics of tree‐associated organisms. To elucidate the impact of warming and tree genotype on spring and autumn phenology, as well as the consequences for the population dynamics of a fungal pathogen Erysiphe alphitoides and plant‐feeding insect Tuberculatus annulatus , we conducted an active field heating experiment using grafts of five oak genotypes Quercus robur . We found that experimental warming generally advanced oak bud burst in spring and delayed leaf senescence in autumn, while additional variation was explained by tree genotype and warming‐by‐genotype interactions. Warming or tree genotype did not affect disease levels at the beginning of the season, but shaped both disease levels and aphid density during the latter part of the season. Overall, our findings demonstrate that elevated temperature and genetic variation affect spring and autumn phenology, as well as the seasonal dynamics of higher trophic levels. Such effects may be either direct (i.e. temperature affecting tree phenology and attack independently) or indirect (as due to climate‐induced changes in plant traits or the synchrony between trees and their attackers). To achieve a predictive understanding of the ecological responses and potential evolutionary changes of natural food webs in response to climate warming, we should merge the frameworks of global warming and community genetics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0030-1299 , 1600-0706
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.2020.v129.i3
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.06707
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025658-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 207359-6
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  • 3
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    Can School Children Support Ecological Research? Lessons from the 〈i〉Oak Bodyguard〈/i〉 Citizen Science Project
    Ubiquity Press, Ltd. ; 2020
    In:  Citizen Science: Theory and Practice Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2020-03-18), p. 10-
    Details
    In: Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, Ubiquity Press, Ltd., Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2020-03-18), p. 10-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2057-4991
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5334/cstp.267
    DOI: 10.5334/cstp.267.s1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Ubiquity Press, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2932178-5
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  • 4
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    Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe: Effects of impervious surface, local tree cover, and insect feeding guild
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2022-03)
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2022-03)
    Abstract: Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree‐associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra‐urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf‐mining and gall‐inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that—just like in non‐urban areas—plant–herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.v12.3
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8709
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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  • 5
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    Urbanization affects oak–pathogen interactions across spatial scales
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecography Vol. 2022, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Details
    In: Ecography, Wiley, Vol. 2022, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Abstract: The world is rapidly urbanizing, thereby transforming natural landscapes and changing the abundance and distribution of organisms. However, insights into the effects of urbanization on species interactions, and plant–pathogen interactions in particular, are lacking. We investigated the effects of urbanization on powdery mildew infection on Quercus robur at continental and within‐city scales. At the continental scale, we compared infection levels between urban and rural areas of different‐sized cities in Europe, and investigated whether plant traits, climatic variables and CO 2 emissions mediated the effect of urbanization on infection levels. Within one large city (Stockholm, Sweden), we further explored whether local habitat features and spatial connectivity influenced infection levels during multiple years. At the continental scale, infection severity was consistently higher on trees in urban than rural areas, with some indication that temperature mediated this effect. Within Stockholm city, temperature had no effect, while local accumulation of leaf litter negatively affected powdery mildew incidence in one out of three years, and more connected trees had lower infection levels. This study is the first to describe the effects of urbanization on plant–pathogen interactions both within and among cities, and to uncover the potential mechanisms behind the observed patterns at each scale.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0906-7590 , 1600-0587
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.v2022.i1
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.06091
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2024917-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1112659-0
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  • 6
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    Climate warming dominates over plant genotype in shaping the seasonal trajectory of foliar fungal communities on oak
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  New Phytologist Vol. 231, No. 5 ( 2021-09), p. 1770-1783
    Details
    In: New Phytologist, Wiley, Vol. 231, No. 5 ( 2021-09), p. 1770-1783
    Abstract: Leaves interact with a wealth of microorganisms. Among these, fungi are highly diverse and are known to contribute to plant health, leaf senescence and early decomposition. However, patterns and drivers of the seasonal dynamics of foliar fungal communities are poorly understood. We used a multifactorial experiment to investigate the influence of warming and tree genotype on the foliar fungal community on the pedunculate oak Quercus robur across one growing season. Fungal species richness increased, evenness tended to decrease, and community composition strongly shifted during the growing season. Yeasts increased in relative abundance as the season progressed, while putative fungal pathogens decreased. Warming decreased species richness, reduced evenness and changed community composition, especially at the end of the growing season. Warming also negatively affected putative fungal pathogens. We only detected a minor imprint of tree genotype and warming × genotype interactions on species richness and community composition. Overall, our findings demonstrate that warming plays a larger role than plant genotype in shaping the seasonal dynamics of the foliar fungal community on oak. These warming‐induced shifts in the foliar fungal community may have a pronounced impact on plant health, plant–fungal interactions and ecosystem functions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-646X , 1469-8137
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.v231.5
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.17434
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208885-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472194-6
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  • 7
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    Search for top‐down and bottom‐up drivers of latitudinal trends in insect herbivory in oak trees in Europe
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Global Ecology and Biogeography Vol. 30, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 651-665
    Details
    In: Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley, Vol. 30, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 651-665
    Abstract: The strength of species interactions is traditionally expected to increase toward the Equator. However, recent studies have reported opposite or inconsistent latitudinal trends in the bottom‐up (plant quality) and top‐down (natural enemies) forces driving herbivory. In addition, these forces have rarely been studied together thus limiting previous attempts to understand the effect of large‐scale climatic gradients on herbivory. Location Europe. Time period 2018–2019. Major taxa studied Quercus robur . Methods We simultaneously tested for latitudinal variation in plant–herbivore–natural enemy interactions. We further investigated the underlying climatic factors associated with variation in herbivory, leaf chemistry and attack rates in Quercus robur across its complete latitudinal range in Europe. We quantified insect leaf damage and the incidence of specialist herbivores as well as leaf chemistry and bird attack rates on dummy caterpillars on 261 oak trees. Results Climatic factors rather than latitude per se were the best predictors of the large‐scale (geographical) variation in the incidence of gall‐inducers and leaf‐miners as well as in leaf nutritional content. However, leaf damage, plant chemical defences (leaf phenolics) and bird attack rates were not influenced by climatic factors or latitude. The incidence of leaf‐miners increased with increasing concentrations of hydrolysable tannins, whereas the incidence of gall‐inducers increased with increasing leaf soluble sugar concentration and decreased with increasing leaf C : N ratios and lignins. However, leaf traits and bird attack rates did not vary with leaf damage. Main conclusions These findings help to refine our understanding of the bottom‐up and top‐down mechanisms driving geographical variation in plant–herbivore interactions, and indicate the need for further examination of the drivers of herbivory on trees.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1466-822X , 1466-8238
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.v30.3
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.13244
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479787-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021283-5
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  • 8
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    Niche differentiation within a cryptic pathogen complex: climatic drivers and hyperparasitism at multiple spatial scales
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecography Vol. 2022, No. 2 ( 2022-02)
    Details
    In: Ecography, Wiley, Vol. 2022, No. 2 ( 2022-02)
    Abstract: Pathogens are embedded in multi‐trophic food webs, which often include co‐occurring cryptic species within the same pathogen complex. Nonetheless, we still lack an understanding of what dimensions of the ecological niche might allow these cryptic species to coexist. We explored the role of climate, host characteristics (tree autumn phenology) and attack by the fungal hyperparasite Ampelomyces (a group of fungi attacking plant pathogens) in defining the niches of three powdery mildew species ( Erysiphe alphitoides , E. hypophylla and E. quercicola ) within a cryptic pathogen complex on the pedunculate oak Quercus robur at the continental (Europe), national (Sweden and France) and landscape scales (a 5 km 2 island in southwestern Finland). Previous studies have shown that climate separated the niches of three powdery mildew species ( E. alphitoides , E. hypophylla and E. quercicola ) in Europe and two species ( E. alphitoides and E. quercicola ) in France. In our study, we did not detect a significant relationship between temperature or precipitation and the distribution of E. alphitoides and E. hypophylla present in Sweden, while at the landscape scale, temperature, but not relative humidity, negatively affected disease incidence of E. alphitoides in an exceptionally warm year. Tree variation in autumn phenology did not influence disease incidence of powdery mildew species, and hyperparasite presence did not differ among powdery mildew species at the continental, national and landscape scale. Climate did not affect the distribution of the hyperparasite at the continental scale and at the national scale in Sweden. However, climate affected the hyperparasite distribution in France, with a negative relationship between non‐growing season temperature and presence of the hyperparasite. Overall, our findings, in combination with earlier evidence, suggest that climatic factors are more important than species interactions in defining the niches of cryptic species within a pathogen complex on oak.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0906-7590 , 1600-0587
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.v2022.i2
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.06062
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2024917-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1112659-0
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  • 9
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    Community phenology of insects on oak: local differentiation along a climatic gradient
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2021-11)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2021-11)
    Abstract: Climate change is advancing the onset of phenological events, with the rate of advance varying among species and trophic levels. In addition, local populations of the same species may show genetic differences in their response to seasonal cues. If populations of interacting species differ in their response, then climate change may result in geographically varying shifts in the community‐level distribution of interaction strength. We explored the magnitude of trophic‐ and species‐level responses to temperature in a tritrophic system comprising pedunculate oak, insect herbivores, and their associated parasitoids. We sampled local realizations of this community at five sites along a transect spanning fifteen degrees of latitude. Samples from each trophic level at each site were exposed to the same set of five climatic regimes during overwintering in climate chambers. We then recorded the number of days and degree‐days required for oak acorns to develop and insects to emerge. In terms of dates of events, phenology differed among populations. In terms of degree‐days, we found that for two species pairs, the heat sum required to develop in spring differed by an additional ˜500 degree‐days between trophic levels when overwintering at the highest temperature. For three species, within‐population variation in the number of degree‐days required for emergence was higher at warmer temperatures. Our findings suggest that changing temperatures can modify interactions within a community by altering the relative phenology of interacting species and that some interactions are more vulnerable than others to a shift in temperature. The geographic variation in the phenological response of a species suggests that there is a genetic component in determining the phenology of local populations. Such local variation blended with interspecific differences in responses makes it complex to understand how communities will respond to warmer temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.v12.11
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3785
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2572257-8
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  • 10
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    Herbivory in a changing climate—Effects of plant genotype and experimentally induced variation in plant phenology on two summer‐active lepidopteran herbivores and one fungal pathogen
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Abstract: With climate change, spring warming tends to advance plant leaf‐out. While the timing of leaf‐out has been shown to affect the quality of leaves for herbivores in spring, it is unclear whether such effects extend to herbivores active in summer. In this study, we first examined how spring and autumn phenology of seven Quercus robur genotypes responded to elevated temperatures in spring. We then tested whether the performance of two summer‐active insect herbivores ( Orthosia gothica and Polia nebulosa ) and infection by a pathogen ( Erysiphe alphitoides ) were influenced by plant phenology, traits associated with genotype or the interaction between these two. Warm spring temperatures advanced both bud development and leaf senescence in Q . robur . Plants of different genotype differed in terms of both spring and autumn phenology. Plant phenology did not influence the performance of two insect herbivores and a pathogen, while traits associated with oak genotype had an effect on herbivore performance. Weight gain for O . gothica and ingestion for P . nebulosa differed by a factor of 4.38 and 2.23 among genotypes, respectively. Herbivore species active in summer were influenced by traits associated with plant genotype but not by phenology. This suggest that plant attackers active in summer may prove tolerant to shifts in host plant phenology—a pattern contrasting with previously documented effects on plant attackers active in spring and autumn.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.v12.1
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8495
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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