In:
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, Vol. 2018, No. 33 ( 2018-09-09), p. 3706-3716
Abstract:
Catalytic etherification of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with isobutene (IB) to a biodiesel additive, that is, 5‐( tert ‐butoxymethyl)‐furfural ( t BMF), is studied on the Aquivion® perfluorosulfonic acid resin (PFSA) modified mesoporous silica (Aquivion®/ m ‐SiO 2 ) solid acid. Mesoporous silica, composed of amorphous silica‐particle aggregates, is synthesized by the sol–gel method using the amphiphilic Aquivion® PFSA as both the acidic and the template reagent. The silica surface is then modified by the Aquivion® resin, leading to the hybrid Aquivion®/ m ‐SiO 2 solid acid bearing highly accessible sulfonic acid sites and adequate porous structure. The catalytic properties, including composition, thermal stability, acidity, porosity, and morphology, are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, XPS, TGA/DTG, elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, N 2 physisorption, SEM, and TEM. The influence of different reaction parameters, such as catalyst dosage, reaction time and temperature, reactants composition, and solvent, is investigated. The optimal Aquivion®/ m ‐SiO 2 catalyst (10 wt.‐%), with an accessible acidity of 45 µmol H+ g catal. –1 demonstrates 78 % conversion of HMF and 66 % yield of t BMF, in the presence of THF, after 3 h at 90 °C, whereas the yield of byproduct 5,5′‐[oxy‐bis(methylene)]bis‐2‐furfural (OBMF), generated by the oligomerization of HMF, is lowered to 4 %. The developed catalyst demonstrates good stability after regeneration for five consecutive cycles.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
ISSN:
1434-1948
,
1099-0682
DOI:
10.1002/ejic.v2018.33
DOI:
10.1002/ejic.201800668
Language:
English
Publisher:
Wiley
Publication Date:
2018
detail.hit.zdb_id:
1475009-0
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