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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Acclimation of mechanical and hydraulic functions in trees: impact of the thigmomorphogenetic process
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2015
    In:  Frontiers in Plant Science Vol. 6 ( 2015-04-22)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Plant Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 6 ( 2015-04-22)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-462X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00266
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2687947-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2613694-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hydraulic, biomechanical, and anatomical interactions of xylem from five species of Acer (Aceraceae)
    Wiley ; 2003
    In:  American Journal of Botany Vol. 90, No. 5 ( 2003-05), p. 693-699
    Details
    In: American Journal of Botany, Wiley, Vol. 90, No. 5 ( 2003-05), p. 693-699
    Abstract: Possible trade‐offs between hydraulic conductivity and mechanical properties of woody stems from five species were assessed. Acer negundo is a ruderal tree, A. saccharinum , and A. rubrum are fast‐growing and shade‐intolerant soft maples, whereas A. nigrum and A. saccharum are slow‐growing and shade‐tolerant hard maples. It was hypothesized that the ruderal and soft maples would have lower modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), but higher maximum specific conductivity ( K s max ) than hard maples. Many anatomical and general morphological characteristics were measured in an attempt to correlate them to water transport and/or mechanical strength differences between species. No difference was found between species in vessel diameter, fiber wall thickness, initial hydraulic conductivity ( K h initial ), specific conductivity ( K s max ), native percent embolism, or Huber value. Similarly, no trade‐off was found between K s max and MOE or MOR across the genus. However, fiber lumen diameter was inversely correlated to MOE and MOR. Surprisingly, percentage of ray parenchyma was positively related to MOE. The results suggest transport/mechanical trade‐offs do not occur in Acer and differences in mechanical properties may be due to fiber lumen differences that do not influence the efficient transport of water.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-9122 , 1537-2197
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3732/ajb.90.5.693
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2053581-8
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of phyllotaxy on biomechanical properties of stems of Cercis occidentalis (Fabaceae)
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  American Journal of Botany Vol. 101, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 206-210
    Details
    In: American Journal of Botany, Wiley, Vol. 101, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 206-210
    Abstract: • Premise of the study: Phyllotaxy, the arrangement of leaves on a stem, may impact the mechanical properties of woody stems several years after the leaves have been shed. We explored mechanical properties of a plant with alternate distichous phyllotaxy, with a row of leaves produced on each side of the stem, to determine whether the nodes behave as spring‐like joints. • Methods: Flexural stiffness of 1 cm diameter woody stems was measured in four directions with an Instron mechanical testing system; the xylem of the stems was then cut into node (former leaf junction) and nonnode segments for measurement of xylem density. • Key results: Stems had 20% greater flexural stiffness in the plane perpendicular to the original leaf placement than in the parallel plane. The xylem in the node region was more flexible, but it had significantly greater tissue density than adjacent regions, contradicting the usual correlation between wood density and stiffness. • Conclusions: Nodes can behave as spring‐like joints in woody plants. For plagiotropic shoots, distichous phyllotaxy results in stems that resist up‐and‐down bending more than lateral back‐and‐forth movement. Thus, they may more effectively absorb applied loads from fruits, animals, wind, rain, and snow and resist stresses due to gravity without cracking and breaking. Under windy conditions, nodes may improve damping by absorbing vibrational energy and thus reducing oscillation damage. The effect of plant nodes also has biomimetic design implications for architects and material engineers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-9122 , 1537-2197
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300260
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2053581-8
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vessel Redundancy: Modeling Safety In Numbers
    Brill ; 2007
    In:  IAWA Journal Vol. 28, No. 4 ( 2007), p. 373-388
    Details
    In: IAWA Journal, Brill, Vol. 28, No. 4 ( 2007), p. 373-388
    Abstract: We examined the concept that high vessel number provides xylem safety and also show that under certain circumstances high vessel number may increase rather than decrease the probab ility of mortality. The independent variable was the number of vessels per organ (redundancy). The dependent variable was the probab ility of organ death for which we set three thresho1ds for catastrophic runaway embolism (50, 75 and 90% embolisrn). Results were calculated based upon the probability that any particu1arvesse1would become embolized ( P ). When the modeled p was below the runaway embolism thresho1d, the safety benefits (decreased probability of organ death) increased dramatically in going from one to ten vessels and approached maximum levels of safety in organs with lOO or more vessels.Vessel redundancy conferred the greatest advantage when p approached, but was less than, the runaway embolism threshold of the organ. However, when p exceeded the runaway embolism threshold the redund ancy relationship was reversed and safety was greatest in organs with lower vessel numbers. Having greater vessel redundancy increased the likelihood of an "average" result, i.e. , mortality if p is above the threshold, and survival when p is below the threshold. Model predictions are discussed in terms of redundancy segmentation, stern splitting and various other ecological and evolutionary strategies for plants exposed to different environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0928-1541 , 2294-1932
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1163/22941932-90001650
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Brill
    Publication Date: 2007
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 23
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Characterization of the chestnut blight canker and the localization and isolation of the pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1989
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 67, No. 12 ( 1989-12-01), p. 3600-3607
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 67, No. 12 ( 1989-12-01), p. 3600-3607
    Abstract: Naturally occurring chestnut blight cankers on Castanea dentata were categorized as virulent (sunken bark with abundant stromata) or hypovirulent (swollen bark lacking stromata). In transverse section, xylem tissue of virulent cankers was discolored and largely nonconductive. Hypovirulent cankers had anomalous secondary xylem tissue that was light in color and conducted safranin dye, although xylem of the main stem axes of hypovirulent cankers was discolored. In naturally occurring cankers, no correlation was found between canker morphology and the presence or absence of double-stranded RNA in the inciting fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica). However, a virulent strain lacking double-stranded RNA induced cankers that resembled natural virulent cankers, and inoculation with a known hypovirulent strain containing double-stranded RNA resulted in swollen cankers that resembled natural hypovirulent cankers. Cryphonectria parasitica was isolated from all growth rings of virulent cankers and from the discolored xylem tissue of hypovirulent cankers but not from the conductive anomalous xylem tissue of hypovirulent cankers. Hyphae were observed via fluorescence microscopy in the xylem of natural and induced virulent cankers but not in hypovirulent cankers, whether natural or induced by artificial means.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b89-441
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1989
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The effect of virulent and hypovirulent strains of Endothia parasitica on hydraulic conductance in American chestnut
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1989
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 67, No. 5 ( 1989-05-01), p. 1402-1407
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 67, No. 5 ( 1989-05-01), p. 1402-1407
    Abstract: Measurements of hydraulic conductance per unit length (K h ) were made on stems of Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh. that were inoculated with virulent and hypovirulent strains of Endothia parasitica and on stems with naturally occurring (wild) cankers. For stem segments infected with virulent strains (virulent infections), K h values were significantly lower (p  〈  0.01) than in healthy control stems or in stem segments immediately above or below the canker. Adjacent segments were not significantly different from controls at the 0.05 level of probability. For hypovirulent infections, the K h of canker segments, adjacent segments, and controls were not significantly different from one another. Dye ascents and descents indicated the xylem conductive area was sharply reduced in stem segments with virulent, but not hypovirulent, infections. Stem segments with wild virulent infections showed not only a reduction in xylem conductive area, but often a missing or incomplete outer xylem growth ring. Segments with wild hypovirulent infections often showed an incomplete outer xylem growth ring, with the intact portion of the outer growth ring (or rings) often quite swollen and sometimes with anomalous vascular bundles. It is concluded that xylem dysfunction is strongly correlated with reductions in K h and with death of the leaves distal to virulent infections.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b89-185
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1989
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Examining the Vascular Transport System in Grafted Prunus avium L. on Dwarfing Rootstocks
    American Society for Horticultural Science ; 2004
    In:  HortScience Vol. 39, No. 4 ( 2004-07), p. 762D-762
    Details
    In: HortScience, American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 39, No. 4 ( 2004-07), p. 762D-762
    Abstract: Dwarfing rootstocks in sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.) have been planted worldwide. No single theory has emerged to answer why scion dwarfing occurs in fruit trees. This research examines the vascular pathway in a dwarfing cherry system to determine if physical limitations alter water transport as a possible dwarfing mechanism. Second-leaf `Lapins' trees grafted onto Gisela 5 (Gi5; dwarfing) and Colt (vigorous) rootstocks were field-grown in East Lansing, Mich. During maximum shoot elongation, trees were dug, placed into containers with safranin dye solution (0.1% w/v) for 6 hours and then removed for division (3-5 cm in length) based on location in scion, graft union, and rootstock tissue. Tissues were sectioned using a sliding microtome (120 μm) for examination with a laser confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM Pascal). Mean stem area and vessel diameter were measured; and mean hydraulic diameter was calculated for vessels in the area of dye translocation. Overall, Lapins/Gi5 stem area in the graft union was larger compared to Lapins/Colt; however dye translocation in Lapins/Gi5 was reduced compared to other tissues in the tree. Confocal microscopy indicated dye uptake through the grafted region was more uniformly distributed in Lapins/Colt than in Lapins/Gi5, with dye accumulation in areas of maximum translocation. Vessel diameter did not differ in these areas of translocation. However, in both combinations there was a reduction in mean hydraulic diameter of graft union sections, suggesting a reduction in vessel efficiency to translocate water in this region. Vascular system anomalies were more frequent in Lapins/Gi5, disrupting acropetal dye translocation. This suggests the greatest reduction in vascular transport is in Lapins/Gi5.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0018-5345 , 2327-9834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI.39.4.762D
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Society for Horticultural Science
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2040198-X
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vessel Diameters in Roots Versus Stems of Tropical Lianas and Other Growth Forms
    Brill ; 1997
    In:  IAWA Journal Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 1997), p. 261-279
    Details
    In: IAWA Journal, Brill, Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 1997), p. 261-279
    Abstract: For trees and shrubs it is well known that vessels tend to be wider in roots than in stems. It is also well known that vines have narrow stems with wide vessels, but roots of vines have been little studied. It was hypothesized that the evolution of the vine habit involved greater changes in stems than in terrestrial roots, and thus vessels in stems of vines would tend to be as wide, or wider, than in roots. Radial vessel diameters were compared in roots versus stems of 62 taxa from 20 families of plants based upon collections made at Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama and Fairchild Tropical Garden (FTG) in Miami, FL, USA. As expected, for Fabaceae trees + shrubs, mean and maximum vessel diameters were significantly greater in roots than in stems. Tbe reverse was true for Fabaceae lianas (woody vines), where vessel diameters were significantly greater in stems. When comparing stems of all c1imbing species (n = 51) to non-c1imbing species (n = 11), the c1imbing species had significantly greater mean and maximum vessel diameters. In contrast, for root vessels differences between growth forms were not statistically significant.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0928-1541 , 2294-1932
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1163/22941932-90001490
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Brill
    Publication Date: 1997
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Positive root pressure is critical for whole-plant desiccation recovery in two species of terrestrial resurrection ferns
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Experimental Botany Vol. 71, No. 3 ( 2020-01-23), p. 1139-1150
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Botany, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 71, No. 3 ( 2020-01-23), p. 1139-1150
    Abstract: Desiccation-tolerant (DT) organisms can lose nearly all their water without dying. Desiccation tolerance allows organisms to survive in a nearly completely dehydrated, dormant state. At the cellular level, sugars and proteins stabilize cellular components and protect them from oxidative damage. However, there are few studies of the dynamics and drivers of whole-plant recovery in vascular DT plants. In vascular DT plants, whole-plant desiccation recovery (resurrection) depends not only on cellular rehydration, but also on the recovery of organs with unequal access to water. In this study, in situ natural and artificial irrigation experiments revealed the dynamics of desiccation recovery in two DT fern species. Organ-specific irrigation experiments revealed that the entire plant resurrected when water was supplied to roots, but leaf hydration alone (foliar water uptake) was insufficient to rehydrate the stele and roots. In both species, pressure applied to petioles of excised desiccated fronds resurrected distal leaf tissue, while capillarity alone was insufficient to resurrect distal pinnules. Upon rehydration, sucrose levels in the rhizome and stele dropped dramatically as starch levels rose, consistent with the role of accumulated sucrose as a desiccation protectant. These findings provide insight into traits that facilitate desiccation recovery in dryland ferns associated with chaparral vegetation of southern California.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0957 , 1460-2431
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz472
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1466717-4
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stem diameter variations and cold hardiness in walnut trees
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Experimental Botany Vol. 52, No. 364 ( 2001-11-1), p. 2135-2142
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Botany, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 52, No. 364 ( 2001-11-1), p. 2135-2142
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1460-2431 , 0022-0957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2135
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1466717-4
    SSG: 12
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