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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Type-B Response Regulators Display Overlapping Expression Patterns in Arabidopsis
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2004
    In:  Plant Physiology Vol. 135, No. 2 ( 2004-06-01), p. 927-937
    Details
    In: Plant Physiology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 135, No. 2 ( 2004-06-01), p. 927-937
    Abstract: Two-component signaling systems, involving His kinases, His-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators, have been implicated in plant responses to hormones and environmental factors. Genomic analysis of Arabidopsis supports the existence of 22 response regulators (ARRs) that can be divided into at least two distinct groups designated type-A and type-B. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the type-B family is composed of one major and two minor subfamilies. The expression of the type-B ARRs was examined by using both reverse transcription-PCR and β-glucuronidase fusion constructs. The major subfamily of type-B ARRs showed particularly high expression in regions where cytokinins play a significant role, including cells in the apical meristem region and in young leaves that would be undergoing cell division. Multiple members within this same subfamily of type-B ARRs were expressed near the root tip with highest expression in the root elongation zone. β-Glucuronidase-fusions to full-length ARR2, ARR12, and ARR19 were nuclear localized, consistent with a role in transcriptional regulation. These data suggest that differing expression levels of the type-B ARRs may play a role in modulating the cellular responses to cytokinin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1532-2548 , 0032-0889
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.038109
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004346-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208914-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Type-B response regulators ARR1 and ARR12 regulate expression of AtHKT1;1 and accumulation of sodium in Arabidopsis shoots : Cytokinin regulates sodium accumulation in Arabidopsis
    Wiley ; 2010
    In:  The Plant Journal Vol. 64, No. 5 ( 2010-12), p. 753-763
    Details
    In: The Plant Journal, Wiley, Vol. 64, No. 5 ( 2010-12), p. 753-763
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0960-7412
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/tpj.2010.64.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04366.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020961-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Histidine kinase activity and the regulation of ethylene signal transduction
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2005
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 83, No. 6 ( 2005-06-01), p. 563-570
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 83, No. 6 ( 2005-06-01), p. 563-570
    Abstract: Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. Although the effect of ethylene on plant growth was discovered a century ago, the key players in the ethylene response pathway were only identified over the last 15 years. In Arabidopsis, ethylene is perceived by a family of five receptors (ETR1, ETR2, ERS1, ERS2, and EIN4) that resemble two-component histidine kinases. Of these, only ETR1 and ERS1 contain all the conserved residues required for histidine kinase activity. The ethylene receptors appear to function primarily through CTR1, a serine/threonine kinase that actively suppresses ethylene responses in air (absence of ethylene). Despite recent progress toward understanding ethylene signal transduction, the role of the ethylene-receptor histidine-kinase activity remains unclear. This review considers the significance of histidine kinase activity in ethylene signaling and possible mechanisms by which it may modulate ethylene responses.Key words: ethylene receptor, ETR1, histidine kinase, two-component, phosphorylation, Arabidopsis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b05-053
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Functional Characterization of Type-B Response Regulators in the Arabidopsis Cytokinin Response    
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2013
    In:  Plant Physiology Vol. 162, No. 1 ( 2013-05-02), p. 212-224
    Details
    In: Plant Physiology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 162, No. 1 ( 2013-05-02), p. 212-224
    Abstract: Cytokinins play critical roles in plant growth and development, with the transcriptional response to cytokinin being mediated by the type-B response regulators. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), type-B response regulators (ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS [ARRs]) form three subfamilies based on phylogenic analysis, with subfamily 1 having seven members and subfamilies 2 and 3 each having two members. Cytokinin responses are predominantly mediated by subfamily 1 members, with cytokinin-mediated effects on root growth and root meristem size correlating with type-B ARR expression levels. To determine which type-B ARRs can functionally substitute for the subfamily 1 members ARR1 or ARR12, we expressed different type-B ARRs from the ARR1 promoter and assayed their ability to rescue arr1 arr12 double mutant phenotypes. ARR1, as well as a subset of other subfamily 1 type-B ARRs, restore the cytokinin sensitivity to arr1 arr12. Expression of ARR10 from the ARR1 promoter results in cytokinin hypersensitivity and enhances shoot regeneration from callus tissue, correlating with enhanced stability of the ARR10 protein compared with the ARR1 protein. Examination of transfer DNA insertion mutants in subfamilies 2 and 3 revealed little effect on several well-characterized cytokinin responses. However, a member of subfamily 2, ARR21, restores cytokinin sensitivity to arr1 arr12 roots when expressed from the ARR1 promoter, indicating functional conservation of this divergent family member. Our results indicate that the type-B ARRs have diverged in function, such that some, but not all, can complement the arr1 arr12 mutant. In addition, our results indicate that type-B ARR expression profiles in the plant, along with posttranscriptional regulation, play significant roles in modulating their contribution to cytokinin signaling.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1532-2548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208736
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004346-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208914-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multiple Type-B Response Regulators Mediate Cytokinin Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis  
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2005
    In:  The Plant Cell Vol. 17, No. 11 ( 2005-11-02), p. 3007-3018
    Details
    In: The Plant Cell, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 17, No. 11 ( 2005-11-02), p. 3007-3018
    Abstract: Type-B Arabidopsis thaliana response regulators (ARRs) are transcription factors that function in the final step of two-component signaling systems. To characterize their role in plant growth and development, we isolated T-DNA insertions within six of the genes (ARR1, ARR2, ARR10, ARR11, ARR12, and ARR18) from the largest subfamily of type-B ARRs and also constructed various double and triple combinations of these mutations. Higher order mutants revealed progressively decreased sensitivity to cytokinin, including effects on root elongation, lateral root formation, callus induction and greening, and induction of cytokinin primary response genes. The triple mutant arr1,10,12 showed almost complete insensitivity to cytokinin under many of the assay conditions used. By contrast, no significant change in the sensitivity to ethylene was found among the mutants examined. These results indicate that there is functional overlap among the type-B ARRs and that they act as positive regulators of cytokinin signal transduction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1532-298X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.035451
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 623171-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004373-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Type B Response Regulators of Arabidopsis Play Key Roles in Cytokinin Signaling and Plant Development
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2008
    In:  The Plant Cell Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2008-09-30), p. 2102-2116
    Details
    In: The Plant Cell, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2008-09-30), p. 2102-2116
    Abstract: The type B Arabidopsis Response Regulators (ARRs) of Arabidopsis thaliana are transcription factors that act as positive regulators in the two-component cytokinin signaling pathway. We employed a mutant-based approach to perform a detailed characterization of the roles of ARR1, ARR10, and ARR12 in plant growth and development. The most pronounced phenotype was found in the arr1-3 arr10-5 arr12-1 triple loss-of-function mutant, which showed almost complete insensitivity to high levels of exogenously applied cytokinins. The triple mutant exhibited reduced stature due to decreased cell division in the shoot, enhanced seed size, increased sensitivity to light, altered chlorophyll and anthocyanin concentrations, and an aborted primary root with protoxylem but no metaxylem. Microarray analysis revealed that expression of the majority of cytokinin-regulated genes requires the function of ARR1, ARR10, and ARR12. Characterization of double mutants revealed differing contributions of the type B ARRs to mutant phenotypes. Our results support a model in which cytokinin regulates a wide array of downstream responses through the action of a multistep phosphorelay that culminates in transcriptional regulation by ARR1, ARR10, and ARR12.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1532-298X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.059584
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 623171-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004373-9
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulators Are Partially Redundant Negative Regulators of Cytokinin Signaling[W]
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2004
    In:  The Plant Cell Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2004-03-04), p. 658-671
    Details
    In: The Plant Cell, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2004-03-04), p. 658-671
    Abstract: Type-A Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) response regulators (ARRs) are a family of 10 genes that are rapidly induced by cytokinin and are highly similar to bacterial two-component response regulators. We have isolated T-DNA insertions in six of the type-A ARRs and constructed multiple insertional mutants, including the arr3,4,5,6,8,9 hextuple mutant. Single arr mutants were indistinguishable from the wild type in various cytokinin assays; double and higher order arr mutants showed progressively increasing sensitivity to cytokinin, indicating functional overlap among type-A ARRs and that these genes act as negative regulators of cytokinin responses. The induction of cytokinin primary response genes was amplified in arr mutants, indicating that the primary response to cytokinin is affected. Spatial patterns of ARR gene expression were consistent with partially redundant function of these genes in cytokinin signaling. The arr mutants show altered red light sensitivity, suggesting a general involvement of type-A ARRs in light signal transduction. Further, morphological phenotypes of some arr mutants suggest complex regulatory interactions and gene-specific functions among family members.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1532-298X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1105/tpc.018978
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 623171-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004373-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A subset of Arabidopsis AP2 transcription factors mediates cytokinin responses in concert with a two-component pathway
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2006
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 103, No. 29 ( 2006-07-18), p. 11081-11085
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, No. 29 ( 2006-07-18), p. 11081-11085
    Abstract: The plant hormone cytokinin regulates numerous growth and developmental processes. A signal transduction pathway for cytokinin has been elucidated that is similar to bacterial two-component phosphorelays. In Arabidopsis , this pathway is comprised of receptors that are similar to sensor histidine kinases, histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators (ARRs). There are two classes of response regulators, the type-A ARRs, which act as negative regulators of cytokinin responses, and the type-B ARRs, which are transcription factors that play a positive role in mediating cytokinin-regulated gene expression. Here we show that several closely related members of the Arabidopsis AP2 gene family of unknown function are transcriptionally up-regulated by cytokinin through this pathway, and we have designated these AP2 genes CYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTORS ( CRFs ). In addition to their transcriptional regulation by cytokinin, the CRF proteins rapidly accumulate in the nucleus in response to cytokinin, and this relocalization depends on the histidine kinases and the downstream histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, but is independent of the ARRs. Analysis of loss-of-function mutations reveals that the CRFs function redundantly to regulate the development of embryos, cotyledons, and leaves. Furthermore, the CRFs mediate a large fraction of the transcriptional response to cytokinin, affecting a set of cytokinin-responsive genes that largely overlaps with type-B ARR targets. These results indicate that the CRF proteins function in tandem with the type-B ARRs to mediate the initial cytokinin response. Thus, the evolutionarily ancient two-component system that is used by cytokinin branches to incorporate a unique family of plant-specific transcription factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602038103
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ethylene action in plants
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2007
    In:  Annals of Botany Vol. 99, No. 3 ( 2007-03-01), p. 561-561
    Details
    In: Annals of Botany, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 99, No. 3 ( 2007-03-01), p. 561-561
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-8290 , 0305-7364
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm004
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461328-1
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The ARGOS gene family functions in a negative feedback loop to desensitize plants to ethylene
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2015
    In:  BMC Plant Biology Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2015-12)
    Details
    In: BMC Plant Biology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2015-12)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1471-2229
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0554-x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2059868-3
    SSG: 12
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