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  • 1
    In: Veterinary Dermatology, Wiley, Vol. 1, No. 2 ( 1990-03), p. 71-77
    Abstract: Abstract— Histological examination and quantification of some of the cell types during the first 120h of orf virus infection of scarified skin indicated that the main polymorphonuclear cell involved during early viral replication is the neutrophil, although the accumulation of this cell type also occurred in response to the initial trauma. Orf virus infection had no appreciable influence on the relatively low eosinophil population in the dermis but induced a basophil response which followed the appearance of viral antigen in the epidermis and was greatest at the periphery of the lesion. The number of cutaneous mast cells was not significantly affected by scarification and infection. Résumé— L'examen histologique et la numération de certains types de cellules pendant les 120 heures suivant la scarification de la peau avec du virus de l'ecthyma contagieux, ont montré que le polynucléaire le plus impliqué pendant le début de la réplication virale était le polynucléaire neutrophile, prenant en compte que l'accumulation de ce type de cellule intervient aussi en réponse au traumatisme initial. L'infection par le virus de l'ecthyma contagieux n'a pas eu d'influence appréciable sur la population relativement faible des éosinophiles dans le derme mais, a induit, à la suite de l'apparition de l'antigène viral dans l'épiderme, une résponse des basophiles, surtout observée à la périphérie de la lésion. Le nombre des mastocytes cutanés n'a pas été sensiblement modifié par la scarification ni par l'infection. Zusammenfassung— Durch histologische Untersuchung und Quantifizierung verschiedener Zelltypen während der ersten 120 Stunden einer ORF‐Infektion von skarifizierter Haut konnte der neutrophile Granulozyt als hauptsächliche polymorphkernige Zelle der frühen viralen Replikationsphase bestimmt werden. Allerdings kommt es auch zu einer Vermehrung dieser Zellen als Reaktion auf das initiale Trauma. Die ORF‐Virusinfektion hatte keinen bemerkens‐werten Einfluß auf die relativ geringe Eosinophilenpopulation in der Dermis, induzierte jedoch eine basophile Reaktion nach dem Erscheinen des virus‐Antigens in der Epidermis vor allem im peripheren Bereich der Läsion. Die Zahl der Hautmastzellen änderte sich durch die Skarifizierung und Infektion nicht statistisch signifikant. Resumen  El examen histológico y la cuantificación de las células presentes en la piel durante las 120 h. siguientes a la infectión por virus del ectima contagiosos en pieles escarificadas indicó que la principal célula polimorfonuclear que participa en la replicatión viral temprana es el neutrófilo, aunque el acúmulo de este tipo celular también se presenta como respuesta al trauma inicial. La infectión con el virus del ectima no tuvo una influencia apreciable sobre la población relativamente baja de eosinófilos de la dermis, pero indujo una respuesta de basófilos a continuación de la aparición de la presencia de antígeno viral en la epidermis y que fue de mayor intensidad en la periferia de la lesión. El número de mastocitos no se vió influenciado significativamente por la escarificación e infectión.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0959-4493 , 1365-3164
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 2
    In: Veterinary Dermatology, Wiley, Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 1990-09), p. 139-150
    Abstract: Abstract— The primary and secondary responses in the skin of specific pathogen free (SPF) lambs to scarification and orf virus infection were studied and the temporal changes in numbers of dermal polymorphonuclear and mast cells were examined. The clinical and histopathological changes after primary infection were similar to those previously described after secondary infection although there was a more severe reaction and an increased timescale. It is concluded that relevant data on the cellular processes involved in the host response to orf virus can be obtained from previously infected animals. Two stages of cutaneous response were identified histologically; (i) repair of the injury and (ii) reaction to virus replication, which, as determined by antigen location, initially seemed to occur within the newly repaired epidermis. The second stage comprised a localised inflammatory response and epidermal proliferation beneath it, resulting in isolation of the infected zone. The response involved neutrophils, basophils and possibly mast cells but not eosinophils. Résumé— Les résponses primaires et secondaires dans la peau d'agneaux SPF à la scarification et à l'infection par le virus de l'ecthyma contagieux ont étéétudiées, ainsi que les modifications dans le temps du nombre de leucocytes et de mastocytes dermiques. Les modifications cliniques et histologiques après une primoinfection étaient similaires à celles que l'on à décrites précédemment lors d'infection secondaire, encore que la réaction soit plus sévère et plus durable. Il a été conclu que des données fiables concernant les processus cellulaires impliqués dans la réponse de l'hôte au virus de l'ecthyma contagieux pouvaient être obtenues à partir d'animaux qui avaient déjàété infectés. Deux étapes ont été identifiées histologiquement dans la réponse cutanée: (i) réparation du traumatisme et (ii) réaction à la réplication virale, qui, comme le démontre la localisation de l'antigène, semble initialement se faire dans l'épiderme cicatriciel. La seconde étape comprend une réponse inflammatoire localisée et une prolifération épidermique sous‐jacente, aboutissant à une excision de la zone infectée. La réponse implique une participation des neutrophiles, des basophiles, des mastocytes mais, pas des éosinophiles. Zusammenfassung— Die primären und sekundären Reaktionen in der Haut von spezifisch‐pathogen‐freíen (SPF) Lämmern nach Skarifikation und Infektion mit ORF‐Viren wurden untersucht und Daten über die temporafen Veränderungen in der Zahl der dermalen polymorphonukleären Zellen und Mastzellen erhoben. Die klinischen und histopathologischen Veränderungen nach der primären Infektion ähnelten denen die nach sekundärer Infektion beschrieben wurden. Die Reaktion war jedoch schwerer und die Dauer länger. Man schließt daraus, daß relevante daten über die zellulären Prozesse, die bei der Reaktion des Wirtsorganismus auf ORF‐Viren beteilligt sind, von schon früher intizierten Individuen erhalten werden können. Histologisch lassen sich zwei Stadien unterscheiden: (I) Reparation des Defekts und (II) Reaktion auf die Virusreplikation, die—auch Antigenlokalisierung bestimmt—anfangs zeitlich mit der neu hergestellt Epidermis zusammenfällt. Das zweite Stadium umfaßt eine lokalisierte Entzündungsreaktion mit einer darunterliegenden, epidermalen Proliferation, wodurch der infizierte Bereich abgestoßen wird. An der Reaktion sind neutrophile und basophile Granulozyten, möglicherweise auch Mastzellen beteiligt, nicht aber eosinophile Granulozyten. Resumen  En este trabajo se describen las respuestas primarias y secundarias en la piel de corderos SPF (specific pathogen free) después de una escarificación y aplicación de virus del ectima; así como los cambios que se producen en los polimorfonucleares y las células cebadas de la dermis. Los cambios clínicos e histopatológicos después de la infección primaria fueron semejantes a los observados después de la infección secundaria, aunque la infección fue más intensa y más duradera. Se concluye que se pueden obtener datos relevantes sobre los procesos celulares que participan en la respuesta del hospedador contra el virus del ectima a partir de animales infectados previamente. Histológicamente se identificaron dos etapas en la respuesta cutánea; (1) preparación de la agresión y (2) reacción a la replicación viral, que, de acuerdo con la localización del antígeno, parece ocurrir inicialmente en la epidermis recientemente regenerada. La segunda etapa consistía fundamentalmente en una respuesta inflamatoria localizada y en una regeneración epidérmica junto a la misma, que resultaba en una escisión de la zona infectada. En la respuesta participaban neutrófilos, basófilos y probablemente células cebadas aunque no eosinófilos.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0959-4493 , 1365-3164
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1990
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2011122-8
    SSG: 22
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiley ; 1990
    In:  Veterinary Dermatology Vol. 1, No. 4 ( 1990-12), p. 189-195
    In: Veterinary Dermatology, Wiley, Vol. 1, No. 4 ( 1990-12), p. 189-195
    Abstract: Abstract— Studies of the distribution of orf antigen in ovine skin following scarification and infection indicate that the virus does not immediately replicate in the damaged epithelium; antigen first appears immediately under the stratum corneum at the centre of a newly‐formed epidermis which develops to cover the wound. It now seems likely that the virus initially infects the cells of the stratum basale at the margins of the wound and is transferred to the daughter cells which traverse across the exposed dermis to form the basis of the new epidermis. Replication appears to begin during differentiation of the new epidermis at a stage which has still to be identified. The infection spreads laterally and uniformly from the new epidermis, initially in the outer stratum spinosum and subsequently throughout the entire depth of the epidermis except the stratum basale. A similar pattern of spread occurs in the hair follicle but only to a level above that of the sebaceous gland duct. Résumé— Les études sur la distribution de l'antigène de l'ecthyma dans la peau de mouton après scarification et infection indiquent que le virus ne se réplique pas immédiatement dans l'épithélium endommagé; l'antigène apparaît d'abord immédiatement sur la couche cornée au centre d'un épidemic néoformé qui se développe pour recouvrir la blessure. Il apparaît maintenant probable que le virus infecte initialement les cellules de la couche basale aux marges de la blessure et qu'il est transmis aux cellules filles qui franchissent le derme mis à nu pour former la base du nouvel épiderme. La réplication semble commencer durant la différentiation du nouvel épiderme à un stade qui n'est pas encore identifié. L'infection s'étend latéralement et uniformément à partir du nouvel épiderme, au départ dans la partie externe de la couche de Malpighi puls ensuite à travers toute l'épaisseur de l'épiderme sauf la couche basale. Un phénomène d'extension similaire se produit dans le follicule pileux mais seulement au dessus du niveau des canaux sébacés. Zussammenfassung— Untersuchungen über die Verteilung von orf‐Antigenen in der Haut von Schafen nach Skarifikation und Infektion zeigen, daß sich das Virus nicht safort im beschädigten Epithel vermehrt; Antigen ist zuerst direkt uriter dem Stratum corneum im Mittelpunkt einer neu gebildeten Epidermis, die sich zur Abdeckung der Wunde bildet, zu finden. Es scheint jetzt wahrscheinlich, daß das Virus zunächst die Zellen des Stratum basale im Randbereich der Wunde infizieret und dann auf Tochterzellen übertragen wird, die die exponierte Dermis überqueren, um eine neue Epidermis zu bilden. Die Replikation scheint während der Differenzierungsphase der neuen Epidermis zu einem Zeitpunkt zu beginnen, der noch genauer bestimmt werden muß. Die Infektion breitet sich lateral und gleichmäßig von der neuen Epidermis aus, und zwar anfänglich im äußeren Bereich des Stratum spinosum und anschließend durch die gesamte Tiefe der Epidermis mit Ausnahme des Stratum basale. Ein ähnliches Ausbreitungsmuster gibt es im Haarfollikel, jedoch nur bis oberhalb des Ausführungsganges der Talgdrüse. Resumen  Los estudios realizados sobre la distributión del antígeno orf en la piel de oveja después de infección mediante escarificación indican que el virus no se replica de forma inmediata en el epitelio lesionado; el antígeno aparece en primer lugar debajo del estrato córneo en la región central de un epitelio neoformado que se desarrolla para cubrir la zona herida. Parece ser que el virus incialmente infecta las células del estrato basal de los márgenes de la herida y que después es transferido a las células hijas que se desplazan por encima de la dermis para formar la nueva epidermis. La replicación parece inciarse durante la diferenciación de la nueva epidermis, en un estadío que todavía no se ha identificado. La infección se extiende lateralmente de una forma uniforme a partir de la nueva epidermis, en principio en el estrato espinoso y posteriormente a toda la epidermis excepto al estrato basal. Un patrón similar de extensión se observa en los folículos pilosos, aunque sólo por encima de la glándula sebacea.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0959-4493 , 1365-3164
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1990
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2011122-8
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  • 4
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 183, No. 1 ( 1993-10-01), p. 279-299
    Abstract: When sweat glands isolated from samples of horse skin were explanted and cultured under favourable conditions, they could exhibit cellular outgrowth. This growth could be maintained for 2–4 weeks and these primary cultures were then disaggregated and the resultant cell suspensions used to initiate epithelial cell lines. Secretion from intact equine sweat glands is regulated by β 2-adrenoceptors and appears to be mediated by cyclic AMP, but there is evidence that calcium may also play a role. Adrenaline could increase the cyclic AMP content of the cultured cells and this response was mediated by 2-adrenoceptors. Adrenaline was also able to evoke a small increase in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) but the pharmacology of this response remains obscure. Adrenaline thus activates at least two potentially important second-messenger signalling pathways which have the capacity to interact, because adrenaline-evoked cyclic AMP formation was inhibited if [Ca2+] i was raised with ionomycin. The chloride permeability of mammalian epithelial cells characteristically rises during secretion, and adrenaline could increase chloride permeability in the cultured epithelia but the cells did not contain cyclic-AMP-dependent chloride channels and so this response was mediated by [Ca2+]i.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0949 , 1477-9145
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 1993
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
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  • 5
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 190, No. 1 ( 1994-05-01), p. 239-252
    Abstract: Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were monitored in a cell line that was derived from the equine sweat gland epithelium. ATP and closely related compounds could increase [Ca2+] i with a rank order of potency of UTP⩾ATP⪢ADPAMP=adenosine=α,β-methylene-ATP. The responses to ATP and to UTP were initiated by the release of calcium from an internal store and subsequently sustained by calcium influx. The rise in [Ca2+]i thus seems to be mediated by P2U receptors that are coupled to phosphoinositidase C. Some desensitisation of this response developed during repeated stimulation with ATP and this was blocked by staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, and augmented by a phorbol ester which acts as an exogenous activator of this enzyme. A protein-kinase-C-dependent inhibitory pathway thus seems to become active during repeated stimulation with ATP. ATP and related compounds could also raise cellular cyclic AMP content. The order of potency was ATP & gt;ADP⪢AMP=adenosineUTP, suggesting that this response is mediated via a separate subclass of P2 receptor. The present results demonstrate that ATP can activate autonomic signal-transduction pathways in cultured equine sweat gland cells and suggest that there may be a purinergic component to the control of secretory activity in the equine sweat gland.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0949 , 1477-9145
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 1994
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Company of Biologists ; 1988
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 136, No. 1 ( 1988-05-01), p. 489-494
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 136, No. 1 ( 1988-05-01), p. 489-494
    Abstract: Evaporation of moisture from the skin surface is an important means of thermoregulatory heat loss in Equidae, which respond to thermal stress with a smooth increase in the rate of sweat output to a plateau level which may be maintained for several hours (Allen & Bligh, 1969; Robertshaw & Taylor, 1969; Montgomery, Jenkinson & Elder, 1982). This pattern is similar to that which occurs when humans are exposed to a warm environment (Montgomery et al. 1984). The mode of sweat formation in both the horse and man is similar, involving cell death, fluid transport and the loss of vesicles both by exocytosis and microapocrine secretion (Montgomery et al. 1982, 1984). However, the secretions produced by the two glands differ markedly in electrolyte composition. Human sweat is a hypotonic fluid containing sodium chloride as its principal solute (Schulz, 1969; Sato, 1977), whereas equine sweat is hypertonic and contains a high concentration of potassium (Soliman & Nadim, 1967; Kerr & Snow, 1983). This could be a reflection of differences in the underlying mechanism of ionic transport within the gland.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0949 , 1477-9145
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 1988
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 2016
    In:  Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology Vol. 121, No. 3 ( 2016-09), p. 195-211
    In: Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 121, No. 3 ( 2016-09), p. 195-211
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0079-6107
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498578-0
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 2006
    In:  Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology Vol. 92, No. 3 ( 2006-11), p. 333-370
    In: Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 92, No. 3 ( 2006-11), p. 333-370
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0079-6107
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498578-0
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  • 9
    In: Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 126 ( 2017-07), p. 47-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0079-6107
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498578-0
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 1973
    In:  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology Vol. 46, No. 3 ( 1973-11), p. 569-581
    In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 46, No. 3 ( 1973-11), p. 569-581
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0300-9629
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1973
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481599-0
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