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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapid Enzyme Immunoassay for Determination of Toxigenicity among Clinical Isolates of Corynebacteria
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2000-04), p. 1385-1389
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2000-04), p. 1385-1389
    Abstract: A rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed for the phenotypic detection of diphtheria toxin among clinical isolates of corynebacteria. The assay uses equine polyclonal antitoxin as the capture antibody and an alkaline phosphatase-labeled monoclonal antibody, specific for fragment A of the toxin molecule, as the detecting antibody. The assay is rapid, sensitive, and specific: a final result is available within 3 h of colony selection, and the limits of detection are 0.1 ng of pure diphtheria toxin/ml. Toxigenicity could be detected with isolates grown on a diverse range of culture media, including selective agars. Toxin detection using the EIA was compared to that with the Elek test and PCR detection of fragment A of the diphtheria toxin ( tox ) gene, using 245 isolates of corynebacteria. The results for the EIA were in complete concordance with those of the Elek test: 87 toxigenic and 158 nontoxigenic isolates. Ten of the phenotypically nontoxigenic strains were found to contain fragment A of the tox gene but did not express the toxin protein. These isolates were found to be nontoxigenic in the Vero cell tissue culture cytotoxicity assay and were therefore nontoxigenic for diagnostic purposes. The EIA is a simple rapid phenotypic test which provides a definitive result on toxigenicity within one working day.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.4.1385-1389.2000
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Use of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms for Typing Corynebacterium diphtheriae
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 38, No. 10 ( 2000-10), p. 3843-3845
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 38, No. 10 ( 2000-10), p. 3843-3845
    Abstract: Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was investigated for the differentiation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates. Analysis using Taxotron revealed 10 distinct AFLP profiles among 57 isolates. Strains with ribotype patterns D1, D4, and D12 could not be distinguished; however, the technique discriminated isolates of ribotype patterns D3, D6, and D7 further. AFLP was rapid, fairly inexpensive, and reproducible and could be used as an alternative to ribotyping.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.10.3843-3845.2000
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of Serotype Prediction by cpsA - cpsB Gene Polymorphism in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2000-04), p. 1319-1323
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2000-04), p. 1319-1323
    Abstract: New pneumococcal conjugate vaccines covering a limited number of serotypes are likely to come into widespread use over the next few years. It is unknown what effect this will have on the relative importance of different serotypes as causes of pneumococcal infection. Hence, it will be important to monitor serotype prevalence before, during, and after the introduction of new vaccines. We have investigated the ability of a PCR method based on polymorphisms in two genes common to the different capsule loci to predict the serotype of 93 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae submitted to the Central Public Health Laboratory in 1997. Of 70 isolates with vaccine serotypes, 65 were predicted to belong to the correct serotype; this number was improved to 69 with the inclusion of two additional patterns to the database. Of 23 isolates with other serotypes, 19 were correctly predicted as non-vaccine serotypes, the discrepancy lying with four isolates of 6A (non-vaccine serotype) that were indistinguishable from isolates of 6B (vaccine serotype). In situations in which culture of the organism is not feasible, this method could potentially be applicable directly to clinical specimens and could be a valuable aid to the surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.4.1319-1323.2000
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of Three Novel Superantigen-Encoding Genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus , szeF , szeN , and szeP
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2010
    In:  Infection and Immunity Vol. 78, No. 11 ( 2010-11), p. 4817-4827
    Details
    In: Infection and Immunity, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 78, No. 11 ( 2010-11), p. 4817-4827
    Abstract: The acquisition of superantigen-encoding genes by Streptococcus pyogenes has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in humans, and the gain of four superantigens by Streptococcus equi is linked to the evolution of this host-restricted pathogen from an ancestral strain of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus . A recent study determined that the culture supernatants of several S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains possessed mitogenic activity but lacked known superantigen-encoding genes. Here, we report the identification and activities of three novel superantigen-encoding genes. The products of szeF , szeN , and szeP share 59%, 49%, and 34% amino acid sequence identity with SPEH, SPEM, and SPEL, respectively. Recombinant SzeF, SzeN, and SzeP stimulated the proliferation of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, in vitro . Although none of these superantigen genes were encoded within functional prophage elements, szeN and szeP were located next to a prophage remnant, suggesting that they were acquired by horizontal transfer. Eighty-one of 165 diverse S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains screened, including 7 out of 15 isolates from cases of disease in humans, contained at least one of these new superantigen-encoding genes. The presence of szeN or szeP , but not szeF , was significantly associated with mitogenic activity in the S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus population ( P 〈 0.000001, P 〈 0.000001, and P = 0.104, respectively). We conclude that horizontal transfer of these novel superantigens from and within the diverse S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus population is likely to have implications for veterinary and human disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0019-9567 , 1098-5522
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00751-10
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1483247-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparison of Four Molecular Typing Methods for Characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Determination of Transcontinental Spread of C. diphtheriae Based on BstEII rRNA Gene Profiles
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 46, No. 11 ( 2008-11), p. 3626-3635
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 46, No. 11 ( 2008-11), p. 3626-3635
    Abstract: The diphtheria epidemic in the Russian Federation in the 1990s made diphtheria a focus of global concern once again. The development of rapid and reproducible typing methods for the molecular characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae has become a priority in order to be able to monitor the spread of this important pathogen on a global scale. We report on a comparison of four molecular typing methods (ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], random amplification of polymorphic DNA [RAPD] , and amplified fragment length polymorphism [AFLP]) for the characterization of C. diphtheriae strains. Initially, 755 isolates originating from 26 countries were analyzed by ribotyping. One strain of each ribotype was then randomly chosen and characterized by PFGE, RAPD, and AFLP. In order to ascertain whether the Eastern European epidemic ribotype could be further discriminated, 10 strains of ribotype D1 (the epidemic ribotype) from different geographical regions were randomly chosen and subjected to analysis by PFGE, RAPD, and AFLP. The results revealed that ribotyping is highly discriminatory and reproducible and is currently the method of choice for typing C. diphtheriae . PFGE and AFLP were less discriminatory than ribotyping and RAPD. An assessment of the transcontinental spread of the organism showed that several genotypes of C. diphtheriae circulated on different continents of the world and that each outbreak was caused by a distinct clone. The ribotypes seen in Europe appeared to be distinct from those seen elsewhere, and certain ribotypes appeared to be unique to particular countries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00300-08
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of Isolates of Streptococcus canis Infecting Humans
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 39, No. 11 ( 2001-11), p. 4196-4199
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 39, No. 11 ( 2001-11), p. 4196-4199
    Abstract: During a survey of Group G and C streptococcal infections of humans two epidemiologically unrelated Group G streptococcal isolates were identified, one from a case of bacteremia and one from a wound infection. These isolates were atypical among this sample in that the emm gene could not be amplified from them by PCR. Biochemical characterization identified the isolates as Streptococcus canis , an organism normally associated with animal hosts. The biochemical identification was confirmed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from both isolates and comparison with sequences of the S. canis type strain and other related streptococci of animals and humans. Comparative sequencing of fragments of two other housekeeping genes, sodA and mutS , confirmed that the isolates are most closely related to S. canis . The identification of two isolates of S. canis from a relatively small sample set suggests that the practice of identifying streptococci only by the Lancefield serological group may result in underestimation of the presence of S. canis in the human population.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.1.4196-4199.2001
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Structural Heterogeneity of the Streptococcal C5a Peptidase Gene in Streptococcus pyogenes
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Bacteriology Vol. 184, No. 22 ( 2002-11-15), p. 6384-6386
    Details
    In: Journal of Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 184, No. 22 ( 2002-11-15), p. 6384-6386
    Abstract: The 3′ ends of the genes for the C-terminal region of C5a peptidase from 15 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates were analyzed by PCR. Amplicons were found to differ in size. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the differences between PCR fragment sizes accorded with the number of R repeats in the C5a peptidase gene.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9193 , 1098-5530
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JB.184.22.6384-6386.2002
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481988-0
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Characterization of Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans Strains Isolated from Humans and Domestic Cats in the United Kingdom
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 43, No. 9 ( 2005-09), p. 4377-4381
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 43, No. 9 ( 2005-09), p. 4377-4381
    Abstract: In the United Kingdom there has been a marked increase in the number of human infections caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans . During 2002 and 2003 the organism was also isolated from several domestic cats with bilateral nasal discharge. As C. ulcerans has never previously been isolated from cats, the 16S rRNA gene from three cat isolates was sequenced to confirm their species identities. Fifty clinical isolates from the United Kingdom isolated from 1986 to 2003 and seven cat isolates were characterized by ribotyping to determine whether the ribotypes of the cat isolates were genotypically related to those found for human clinical isolates. For comparison, the genotypes of 11 overseas isolates and 13 isolates from H. R. Carne's collection isolated between 1933 and 1979 were also determined. Strains isolated from domestic cats were found to exhibit the predominant ribotypes observed among human clinical isolates, suggesting that C. ulcerans isolated from cats could be a potential reservoir for human infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.9.4377-4381.2005
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International Quality Assurance Study for Characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 45, No. 4 ( 2007-04), p. 1175-1179
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 45, No. 4 ( 2007-04), p. 1175-1179
    Abstract: Surveillance of group A streptococcal (GAS) infections was undertaken as a major component of the European Commission-funded project on severe GAS disease in Europe (strep-EURO). One aim of strep-EURO was to improve the quality of GAS characterization by standardization of methods. An external quality assurance study (EQA) was therefore carried out to evaluate current global performance. Eleven strep-EURO and seven other streptococcal reference centers received a panel of 20 coded GAS isolates for typing. Conventional phenotypic typing (based on cell surface T and M protein antigens and opacity factor [OF] production) and molecular methods ( emm gene typing) were used either as single or combined approaches to GAS typing. T typing was performed by 16 centers; 12 centers found one or more of the 20 strains nontypeable (typeability, 89%), and 11 centers reported at least one incorrect result (concordance, 93%). The 10 centers that tested for OF production achieved 96% concordance. Limited availability of antisera resulted in poor typeability values from the four centers that performed phenotypic M typing (41%), three of which also performed anti-OF typing (typeability, 63%); however, concordance was high for both M (100%) and anti-OF (94%) typing. In contrast, the 15 centers that performed emm gene sequencing achieved excellent typeability (97%) and concordance (98%), although comparison of the performance between centers yielded typeability rates from 65 to 100% and concordance values from 83 to 100%. With the rapid expansion and use of molecular genotypic methods to characterize GAS, continuation of EQA is essential in order to achieve international standardization and comparison of type distributions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02146-06
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Erythromycin-Resistant Group G Streptococci in an Isolated Northern Canadian Community
    Hindawi Limited ; 1990
    In:  Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 1990), p. 3-6
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 1990), p. 3-6
    Abstract: The susceptibility of groups A, C, and G streptococci isolated from pharynx or skin in two northern Canadian native communities during a one year study of the epidemiology of streptococcal infection was determined for penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin using an agar dilution method. Organisms studied included 725 group A, 82 group C, and 184 group G streptococci. All organisms were susceptible to penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] range less than 0.004 to 0.015 μg/mL; MIC 90 0.015 μg/mL) and clindamycin (range 0.007 to 0.06 μg/mL; MIC 90 0.06 μg/mL) with no differences observed between streptococcal groups. For erythromycin, groups A and C were generally susceptible (range less than 0.007 to 0.030 μg/mL; MIC 90 0.03 μg/mL; and range 0.007 to 1.0 μg/mL; MIC 90 0.06 μg/mL, respectively). Group G was less susceptible (range 0.007 to greater than 2.0 μg/mL; MIC 90 greater than 2.0 μg/mL) with 38% of all isolates having an MIC greater than or equal to 1 μg/mL. On review of group G isolates, 100 of 100 from one community were susceptible (MIC less than 0.007 to 0.03 μg/mL) and 73 (87%) of 84 from the second community were resistant. All resistant strains tested were type T16. These data suggest that erythromycin-resistant group G streptococci may occur with high prevalence in certain populations and that patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in isolated communities may be highly community-specific.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1180-2332
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/1990/808271
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 1990
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2207109-X
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