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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    The Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE): An Airborne and Ground-Based Exploration of Gravity Wave Propagation and Effects from Their Sources throughout the Lower and Middle Atmosphere
    American Meteorological Society ; 2016
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 97, No. 3 ( 2016-03-01), p. 425-453
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 97, No. 3 ( 2016-03-01), p. 425-453
    Abstract: The Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) was designed to quantify gravity wave (GW) dynamics and effects from orographic and other sources to regions of dissipation at high altitudes. The core DEEPWAVE field phase took place from May through July 2014 using a comprehensive suite of airborne and ground-based instruments providing measurements from Earth’s surface to ∼100 km. Austral winter was chosen to observe deep GW propagation to high altitudes. DEEPWAVE was based on South Island, New Zealand, to provide access to the New Zealand and Tasmanian “hotspots” of GW activity and additional GW sources over the Southern Ocean and Tasman Sea. To observe GWs up to ∼100 km, DEEPWAVE utilized three new instruments built specifically for the National Science Foundation (NSF)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Gulfstream V (GV): a Rayleigh lidar, a sodium resonance lidar, and an advanced mesosphere temperature mapper. These measurements were supplemented by in situ probes, dropsondes, and a microwave temperature profiler on the GV and by in situ probes and a Doppler lidar aboard the German DLR Falcon. Extensive ground-based instrumentation and radiosondes were deployed on South Island, Tasmania, and Southern Ocean islands. Deep orographic GWs were a primary target but multiple flights also observed deep GWs arising from deep convection, jet streams, and frontal systems. Highlights include the following: 1) strong orographic GW forcing accompanying strong cross-mountain flows, 2) strong high-altitude responses even when orographic forcing was weak, 3) large-scale GWs at high altitudes arising from jet stream sources, and 4) significant flight-level energy fluxes and often very large momentum fluxes at high altitudes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00269.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    High-Altitude (0–100 km) Global Atmospheric Reanalysis System: Description and Application to the 2014 Austral Winter of the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE)
    American Meteorological Society ; 2018
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 146, No. 8 ( 2018-08-01), p. 2639-2666
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 146, No. 8 ( 2018-08-01), p. 2639-2666
    Abstract: A data assimilation system (DAS) is described for global atmospheric reanalysis from 0- to 100-km altitude. We apply it to the 2014 austral winter of the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE), an international field campaign focused on gravity wave dynamics from 0 to 100 km, where an absence of reanalysis above 60 km inhibits research. Four experiments were performed from April to September 2014 and assessed for reanalysis skill above 50 km. A four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) run specified initial background error covariances statically. A hybrid-4DVAR (HYBRID) run formed background error covariances from an 80-member forecast ensemble blended with a static estimate. Each configuration was run at low and high horizontal resolution. In addition to operational observations below 50 km, each experiment assimilated 105 observations of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) every 6 h. While all MLT reanalyses show skill relative to independent wind and temperature measurements, HYBRID outperforms 4DVAR. MLT fields at 1-h resolution (6-h analysis and 1–5-h forecasts) outperform 6-h analysis alone due to a migrating semidiurnal (SW2) tide that dominates MLT dynamics and is temporally aliased in 6-h time series. MLT reanalyses reproduce observed SW2 winds and temperatures, including phase structures and 10–15-day amplitude vacillations. The 0–100-km reanalyses reveal quasi-stationary planetary waves splitting the stratopause jet in July over New Zealand, decaying from 50 to 80 km then reintensifying above 80 km, most likely via MLT forcing due to zonal asymmetries in stratospheric gravity wave filtering.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-17-0386.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of SSMIS Upper Atmosphere Sounding Channels for High-Altitude Data Assimilation
    American Meteorological Society ; 2013
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 141, No. 10 ( 2013-10-01), p. 3314-3330
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 141, No. 10 ( 2013-10-01), p. 3314-3330
    Abstract: Upper atmosphere sounding (UAS) channels of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) were assimilated using a high-altitude version of the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) in order to investigate their potential for operational forecasting from the surface to the mesospause. UAS radiances were assimilated into NAVGEM using the new Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) that accounts for Zeeman line splitting by geomagnetic fields. UAS radiance data from April 2010 to March 2011 are shown to be in good agreement with coincident temperature measurements from the Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument that were used to simulate UAS brightness temperatures. Four NAVGEM experiments were performed during July 2010 that assimilated (i) no mesospheric observations, (ii) UAS data only, (iii) SABER and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) mesospheric temperatures only, and (iv) SABER, MLS, and UAS data. Zonal mean temperatures and observation − forecast differences for the UAS-only and SABER+MLS experiments are similar throughout most of the mesosphere, and show large improvements over the experiment assimilating no mesospheric observations, proving that assimilation of UAS radiances can provide a reliable large-scale constraint throughout the mesosphere for operational, high-altitude analysis. This is confirmed by comparison of solar migrating tides and the quasi-two-day wave in the mesospheric analyses. The UAS-only experiment produces realistic tidal and two-day wave amplitudes in the summer mesosphere in agreement with the experiments assimilating MLS and SABER observations, whereas the experiment with no mesospheric observations produces excessively strong mesospheric winds and two-day wave amplitudes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00003.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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  • 4
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    Dynamics of Orographic Gravity Waves Observed in the Mesosphere over the Auckland Islands during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE)
    American Meteorological Society ; 2016
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 73, No. 10 ( 2016-10-01), p. 3855-3876
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 73, No. 10 ( 2016-10-01), p. 3855-3876
    Abstract: On 14 July 2014 during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE), aircraft remote sensing instruments detected large-amplitude gravity wave oscillations within mesospheric airglow and sodium layers at altitudes z ~ 78–83 km downstream of the Auckland Islands, located ~1000 km south of Christchurch, New Zealand. A high-altitude reanalysis and a three-dimensional Fourier gravity wave model are used to investigate the dynamics of this event. At 0700 UTC when the first observations were made, surface flow across the islands’ terrain generated linear three-dimensional wave fields that propagated rapidly to z ~ 78 km, where intense breaking occurred in a narrow layer beneath a zero-wind region at z ~ 83 km. In the following hours, the altitude of weak winds descended under the influence of a large-amplitude migrating semidiurnal tide, leading to intense breaking of these wave fields in subsequent observations starting at 1000 UTC. The linear Fourier model constrained by upstream reanalysis reproduces the salient aspects of observed wave fields, including horizontal wavelengths, phase orientations, temperature and vertical displacement amplitudes, heights and locations of incipient wave breaking, and momentum fluxes. Wave breaking has huge effects on local circulations, with inferred layer-averaged westward flow accelerations of ~350 m s−1 h−1 and dynamical heating rates of ~8 K h−1, supporting recent speculation of important impacts of orographic gravity waves from subantarctic islands on the mean circulation and climate of the middle atmosphere during austral winter.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-4928 , 1520-0469
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0059.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2016
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 5
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    Mid-latitude temperatures at 87 km: Results from multi-instrument Fourier analysis
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 27, No. 14 ( 2000-07-15), p. 2109-2112
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 27, No. 14 ( 2000-07-15), p. 2109-2112
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999GL010821
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Stratospheric Gravity Wave Products from Satellite Infrared Nadir Radiances in the Planning, Execution, and Validation of Aircraft Measurements during DEEPWAVE
    American Meteorological Society ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Vol. 58, No. 9 ( 2019-09), p. 2049-2075
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 58, No. 9 ( 2019-09), p. 2049-2075
    Abstract: Gravity wave perturbations in 15- μ m nadir radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) informed scientific flight planning for the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE). AIRS observations from 2003 to 2011 identified the South Island of New Zealand during June–July as a “natural laboratory” for observing deep-propagating gravity wave dynamics. Near-real-time AIRS and CrIS gravity wave products monitored wave activity in and around New Zealand continuously within 10 regions of scientific interest, providing nowcast guidance and validation for flight planners. A novel technique used these gravity wave products to validate upstream forecasts of nonorographic gravity waves with 1–2-day lead times, providing time to plan flight intercepts as tropospheric westerlies brought forecast source regions into range. Postanalysis verifies the choice of 15 μ m radiances for nowcasting, since 4.3- μ m gravity wave products yielded spurious diurnal cycles, provided no altitude sensitivity, and proved relatively insensitive to deep gravity wave activity over the South Island. Comparisons of DEEPWAVE flight tracks with AIRS and CrIS gravity wave maps highlight successful repeated vectoring of the aircraft into regions of deep orographic and nonorographic gravity wave activity, and how background winds control the amplitude of waves in radiance perturbation maps. We discuss how gravity wave information in AIRS and CrIS radiances might be directly assimilated into future operational forecasting systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0015.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 7
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    Atmospheric Conditions during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE)
    American Meteorological Society ; 2017
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 145, No. 10 ( 2017-10), p. 4249-4275
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 145, No. 10 ( 2017-10), p. 4249-4275
    Abstract: This paper describes the results of a comprehensive analysis of the atmospheric conditions during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) campaign in austral winter 2014. Different datasets and diagnostics are combined to characterize the background atmosphere from the troposphere to the upper mesosphere. How weather regimes and the atmospheric state compare to climatological conditions is reported upon and how they relate to the airborne and ground-based gravity wave observations is also explored. Key results of this study are the dominance of tropospheric blocking situations and low-level southwesterly flows over New Zealand during June–August 2014. A varying tropopause inversion layer was found to be connected to varying vertical energy fluxes and is, therefore, an important feature with respect to wave reflection. The subtropical jet was frequently diverted south from its climatological position at 30°S and was most often involved in strong forcing events of mountain waves at the Southern Alps. The polar front jet was typically responsible for moderate and weak tropospheric forcing of mountain waves. The stratospheric planetary wave activity amplified in July leading to a displacement of the Antarctic polar vortex. This reduced the stratospheric wind minimum by about 10 m s −1 above New Zealand making breaking of large-amplitude gravity waves more likely. Satellite observations in the upper stratosphere revealed that orographic gravity wave variances for 2014 were largest in May–July (i.e., the period of the DEEPWAVE field phase).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0435.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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  • 8
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    A Modeling Study of Stratospheric Waves over the Southern Andes and Drake Passage
    American Meteorological Society ; 2013
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 70, No. 6 ( 2013-06-01), p. 1668-1689
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 70, No. 6 ( 2013-06-01), p. 1668-1689
    Abstract: Large-amplitude stratospheric gravity waves over the southern Andes and Drake Passage, as observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on 8–9 August 2010, are modeled and studied using a deep (0–70 km) version of the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model. The simulated tropospheric waves are generated by flow over the high central Andes ridge and the Patagonian peaks in the southern Andes. Some waves emanating from Patagonia propagate southeastward across Drake Passage into the stratosphere over a horizontal distance of more than 1000 km. The wave momentum flux is characterized by a tropospheric maximum over Patagonia that splits into two comparable maxima in the stratosphere: one located directly over the terrain and the other tilting southward with altitude. Using spatial ray-tracing techniques and flow conditions derived from the numerical simulation, the authors find that waves that originate from the high ridge in the Central Andes are absorbed by a critical level in the lower stratosphere. The three-dimensional waves originating from Patagonia could be separated into three families—namely, a northeast-propagating family, which is absorbed by a critical level between 15 and 20 km; a localized family, which breaks down in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere directly above Patagonia; and a southeast-propagating family, which forms the observed linear stratospheric wave patterns oriented across Drake Passage. The southward group propagation, assisted by lateral wave refraction due to persistent meridional shear of the zonal winds, leads to stratospheric wave breaking and drag near 60°S, well south of the parent orography.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-4928 , 1520-0469
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-0180.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218351-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
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    Tropopause to mesopause gravity waves in August: Measurement and modeling
    Elsevier BV ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics Vol. 68, No. 15 ( 2006-10), p. 1730-1751
    Details
    In: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Elsevier BV, Vol. 68, No. 15 ( 2006-10), p. 1730-1751
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1364-6826
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.019
    RVK:
    UA 4547.8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020910-1
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 10
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    Momentum Flux Spectra of a Mountain Wave Event Over New Zealand
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2018
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 123, No. 18 ( 2018-09-27), p. 9980-9991
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 123, No. 18 ( 2018-09-27), p. 9980-9991
    Abstract: A multiscale spectrum of mountain waves was observed during a mesospheric mountain wave event over New Zealand Temperatures of the mountain waves were derived using sodium density mixing ratios Average momentum fluxes associated with observed mountain waves were large compared to zonal means
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-897X , 2169-8996
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2018JD028319
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    SSG: 16,13
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