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  • 1
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    Use of systemic disease signs to assess disease severity in dairy cows with acute coliform mastitis
    American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) ; 2001
    In:  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Vol. 218, No. 4 ( 2001-02-15), p. 567-572
    Details
    In: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Vol. 218, No. 4 ( 2001-02-15), p. 567-572
    Abstract: Objective —To evaluate the use of systemic disease signs for classifying severity of acute coliform mastitis in dairy cows. Design —Prospective cohort study. Animals —144 dairy cows. Procedure —Cows were examined at the time of initial identification of disease (time 0) and classified as having mild, moderate, or severe disease on the basis of rectal temperature, hydration status, rumen contraction rate, and attitude. A CBC and serum biochemical analyses were performed, and milk samples were submitted for bacterial culture at time 0 and 48 hours later. Results —69 cows were classified as having mild disease, 44 as having moderate disease, and 31 as having severe disease. Median WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly lower in cows with moderate or severe disease at time 0 than in cows with mild disease. Band neutrophil count was significantly higher at 48 hours and serum calcium concentration was significantly lower at time 0 and at 48 hours in cows with severe or moderate disease, compared with cows with mild disease. Twenty-eight, 51, and 77% of cows with mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively, had 〉 100,000 colony-forming units/ml of milk at time 0. The odds that a cow with severe disease would die or be culled were 3.6 times the odds for a cow with moderate disease and 11.2 times the odds for a cow with mild disease. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggest that a classification scheme based on readily observable systemic disease signs can be used to classify disease severity in cows with acute coliform mastitis. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:567–572)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-1488
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.567
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 390811-2
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  • 2
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    Bacteremia associated with naturally occurring acute coliform mastitis in dairy cows
    American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) ; 2001
    In:  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Vol. 219, No. 7 ( 2001-10-01), p. 976-981
    Details
    In: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Vol. 219, No. 7 ( 2001-10-01), p. 976-981
    Abstract: Objective —To determine the incidence of bacteremia in dairy cows with naturally occurring acute coliform mastitis (ACM) with a wide range of disease severity. Design —Cohort study. Animals —144 dairy cows with ACM from 6 herds. Procedure —Cows were examined at time of identification of ACM (time 0) and classified as having mild, moderate, or severe mastitis on the basis of rectal temperature, hydration status, rumen contraction rate, and attitude. Cows were reexamined at 24 or 48 hours. Bacteriologic culturing of milk and blood (30 ml), CBC, and serum biochemical analysis were performed at each time point. Appropriate samples were obtained at a single point from herdmates without mastitis (controls) that were closely matched for lactation number and days since parturition. Blood culture results were compared among severity groups and controls by use of χ 2 tests, as was outcome of an ACM episode for cows grouped by blood bacterial isolates. Results —Bacteria were isolated from 52 blood samples from 46 of 144 (32%) cows with ACM, which was significantly more than control cows (11/156; 7.1%). Group-1 isolates ( Escherichia coli , Pasteurella multocida , Mannheimia haemolytica , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Enterobacter agglomerans , and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium) were identified in 20 of 144 (14%) cows with ACM and 0 of 156 control cows. Group-1 isolates were identified in 4.3, 9.1, and 42% of cows classified as having mild, moderate, and severe ACM, respectively. Escherichia coli and K pneumoniae milk and blood isola tes obtained from the same cow were of the same genotype. Bacillus spp were identified in 21 of 144 (15%) cows with ACM, which was significantly more than control cows (3/156; 1.9%). Thirty-five percent of cows with a group-1 isolate died during the mastitis episode. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggest that bacteremia develops in a substantial proportion of cows with ACM. Classification of severity of disease is important for establishment of effective treatment protocols; parenteral antimicrobial treatment may be indicated in cows with ACM. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:976–981)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-1488
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.976
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 390811-2
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  • 3
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    Evaluation of Methods for the Diagnosis of Streptococcus agalactiae Intramammary Infections in Dairy Cattle
    American Dairy Science Association ; 1991
    In:  Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 74, No. 5 ( 1991-05), p. 1521-1526
    Details
    In: Journal of Dairy Science, American Dairy Science Association, Vol. 74, No. 5 ( 1991-05), p. 1521-1526
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0302
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78312-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
    Publication Date: 1991
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 242499-X
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  • 4
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    Naturally Occurring Acute Coliform Mastitis in Holstein Cattle
    Wiley ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 1996-07), p. 252-257
    Details
    In: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Wiley, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 1996-07), p. 252-257
    Abstract: Physical examination and clinicopathologic findings from 44 adult Holstein cows with naturally occurring coliform mastitis were studied. The cattle were grouped for comparison by stage of lactation and survival. Cattle within the first 4 weeks of lactation maintained higher median mature neutrophil counts (1,200 versus 300/μL) in peripheral blood than cattle later in lactation. Nonsurviving cows had higher median creatinine concentration (2.5 versus 1.6 mg/dL) and anion gap (25 versus 20 mEq/L), and lower serum protein (7.1 versus 7.6 gm/dL) and total CO 2 (19.8 versus 25 mEq/L) concentrations than surviving cows ( P 〈 .05). These findings indicate that cattle with uremia and metabolic acidosis are less likely to survive the infection. Bacteriologic blood cultures were performed on 34 of the 44 cows studied. Esche‐richia coli was isolated from the blood in 11 (32%) cows. Clinical presentation and clinicopathologic data were compared in bacteremic versus nonbacteremic cows to evaluate these data as predictors of bacteremia. Bacteremic cows were sick longer prior to admission (2 versus 1 days), maintained higher median counts of total nucleated cells (6.6 versus 2.4 × 10 3 cells/μL), myelocytes (0.2 versus 0 × 10 3 cells/μL), metamyelocytes (0.5 versus 0.02 × 10 3 cells/μL), band neutrophils (0.7 versus 0.1 × 10 3 cells/μL), and lymphocytes (2.1 versus 1.4 × 10 3 cells/μL) than nonbacteremic cows, and had higher plasma fibrinogen concentration (600 versus 500 mg/dL) ( P 〈 .05). There were no differences between the physical or serum biochemical measurements. Four of 11 bacteremic cows and 5 of 23 nonbacteremic cows died or were euthanized ( P 〉 .05). The high prevalence of bacteremia seen in cows with coliform mastitis has not been reported previously, and may have been due to the duration of disease, severity of signs, or culture technique. These findings suggest that systemic antibiotic therapy may be beneficial in some severe cases of coliform mastitis. J Vet Intern Med 1996;252–257. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0891-6640 , 1939-1676
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jvim.1996.10.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02058.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 92798-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2177690-8
    SSG: 22
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  • 5
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    Evaluation of ovine herpesvirus type 2 infections, as detected by competitive inhibition ELISA and polymerase chain reaction assay, in dairy cattle without clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever
    American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) ; 2005
    In:  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Vol. 227, No. 4 ( 2005-08-01), p. 606-611
    Details
    In: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Vol. 227, No. 4 ( 2005-08-01), p. 606-611
    Abstract: Objective —To monitor ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) infection status and the association between OvHV-2 infection and development of clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle. Design —Longitudinal study. Animals —30 mature adult cows and 18 cattle submitted for necropsy. Procedure —Blood and milk samples were collected at monthly intervals from 30 adult cows for 20 consecutive months. Nasal and ocular swab specimens were also collected during months 9 through 20. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detection of OvHV-2 was performed on blood, milk, nasal swab, and ocular swab specimens. Competitive inhibition ELISA (CI-ELISA) for detection of antibodies against MCF viruses was performed on serum samples obtained prior to study initiation and monthly during the last 12 months. Tissues obtained from herdmates without clinical signs of MCF that were submitted for necropsy were analyzed for OvHV-2 DNA via PCR assay for possible sites of latency. Results —Initially, 8 of 30 cows had positive CI-ELISA results. Seroconversion was detected in 4 cows. Ovine herpesvirus type 2 DNA was intermittently detected in blood, milk, nasal secretions, or ocular secretions from 17 of 30 cows. Twenty-one cows had positive CI-ELISA or PCR assay results. No cattle in the study developed clinical signs of MCF. Results of PCR assays performed on tissue samples from 2 of 18 animals submitted for necropsy were positive for OvHV-2. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —OvHV-2 infection can occur in cattle without concurrent development of clinical MCF. Ovine herpesvirus type 2 DNA was detected intermittently, suggesting fluctuating viral DNA loads or reinfection in subclinical cattle. A definitive site of latency was not identified from tissues obtained during necropsy. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:606–611)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-1488
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.606
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 390811-2
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  • 6
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    Treatment of dairy cows at parturition with prostaglandin F2α or oxytocin for prevention of retained fetal membranes
    American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Vol. 211, No. 10 ( 1997-11-15), p. 1280-1284
    Details
    In: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Vol. 211, No. 10 ( 1997-11-15), p. 1280-1284
    Abstract: To evaluate the effects of treatment at parturition with dinoprost tromethamine, fenprostalene, or oxytocin on postpartum disease and reproductive performance during the subsequent breeding season in dairy cows. Design Prospective study. Animals 1,400 Holstein cows from 5 commercial dairies. Procedure Cows were assigned within 2 hours after calving to serve as untreated control cows or to be treated with 1 mg of fenprostalene, SC; 25 mg of dinoprost tromethamine, IM; or 20 IU of oxytocin, IM. Cows were confined to treatment pens and monitored daily until fetal membranes were expelled. Cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM) were treated according to existing treatment protocols for the dairy, with the provision that intrauterine infusions were not allowed. All other disease conditions were recorded, and appropriate treatment was administered. Postpartum reproductive examinations were performed 28 to 56 days after parturition. Breeding records were maintained for all cows until pregnancy was confirmed or the cow was removed from the herd. Results Fetal membranes were retained in 12.1% of all cows, and this outcome was unaffected by treatment. Compared with cows without RFM, cows with RFM had longer intervals to first insemination (76.4 vs 82.0 days), reduced first insemination conception rates (46.8 vs 28.0%), and increased number of days not pregnant (103.2 vs 127.4 days). Farm, as a variable, significantly affected development of RFM and postpartum disease conditions as well as reproductive performance during the subsequent breeding season. Fetal membranes were retained in 12.4, 15.2, 8.7, 6.3, and 16.9% of cows on farms 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Mean days to first insemination varied from 64.5 days (farm 3) to 91.5 days (farm 1). Mean number of days not pregnant varied from 94.8 days (farm 3) to 115.9 days (farm 4). Clinical Implications Administration of prostaglandins or oxytocin at the time of calving does not reduce the incidence of RFM or improve reproductive performance. Farm management practices have the greatest impact on dairy cow performance. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1280–1284)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-1488
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2460/javma.1997.211.10.1280
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 390811-2
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  • 7
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    Oxytetracycline residues in milk after intrauterine treatment of cows with retained fetal membranes
    American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Vol. 209, No. 10 ( 1996-11-15), p. 1753-1755
    Details
    In: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Vol. 209, No. 10 ( 1996-11-15), p. 1753-1755
    Abstract: To establish the maximum concentration and duration of oxytetracycline residues in milk from cows with retained fetal membranes given the antimicrobial via intrauterine infusion, and to investigate whether the number of infusions or the presence of fever ( 〉 39.7 C) affected the duration of residues. Design— Prospective study. Animals— 54 Holstein cows with retained fetal membranes on a single 1,400-cow commercial dairy. Procedure— Cows were treated once a day with 5 g of oxytetracycline (50 ml of 100 mg/ml solution in a povidone base) by intrauterine infusion for at least 2 days, or until the membranes were expelled. Cows that became febrile (rectal temperature 〉 39.7 C) were also given 20,000 IU of procaine penicillin G/kg of body weight, IM, for 2 to 4 days. Milk samples were collected at 24-hour intervals during treatment, and at 12-hour intervals after the last treatment. All samples were frozen and submitted every 2 weeks for high performance liquid chromatography analysis for oxytetracycline. Results— Oxytetracycline was detected in milk of all cows during treatment, at a maximum concentration ranging from 47.2 to 1,804.6 μg/kg (mean, 316.9 μg/kg). Duration of oxytetracycline residues after the last infusion ranged from 0 to 144 hours (mean, 52.3 hours). Neither the number of infusions received, nor development of rectal temperature 〉 39.7 C, affected the maximum concentration or the duration of oxytetracycline residues in milk. Clinical Implications— Milk obtained from cows that had been treated for retained fetal membranes by intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline should be discarded to avoid illegal residues. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1753–1755)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-1488
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2460/javma.1996.209.10.1753
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 390811-2
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  • 8
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    Detection and Identification of Mycoplasma from Bovine Mastitis Infections Using a Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction
    SAGE Publications ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 1999-09), p. 432-435
    Details
    In: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, SAGE Publications, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 1999-09), p. 432-435
    Abstract: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was compared with culture for the detection and diagnosis of bovine Mycoplasma intramammary infection. The PCR test was applied to 24-hour Mycoplasma enrichment cultures of milk from cows with suspected mastitis and from bulk tank milk. In comparison to culture, the sensitivity and specificity of the PCR method were 96.2% and 99.1% for individual cow milk and 100% and 99.8% for the bulk tank milk, respectively. However, in discrepant cases where PCR was positive and culture was negative, the PCR test was correct; subsequent PCR tests and culturing of the individual cow's milk yielded positive results. The PCR test simultaneously detected and differentiated among 11 bovine Mycoplasma species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1040-6387 , 1943-4936
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100507
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 287603-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2265211-5
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  • 9
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    Persistent Infection of Ovine Herpes virus Type 2 in a Dairy Herd
    Texas A&M University Libraries ; 2002
    In:  American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings ( 2002-09-26), p. 182-
    Details
    In: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, Texas A&M University Libraries, ( 2002-09-26), p. 182-
    Abstract: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal viral disease of cattle and other ruminants. Sheep-associated MCF is caused by ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2). Over 95% of domestic sheep are asymptomatic carriers of OvHV-2 and serve as a source of infection for cattle. Previous studies demonstrated a significant high prevalence of asymptomatic OvHV-2 infection in adult dairy cattle from a herd housed in close proximity to sheep. While sheep are considered to be the primary source of infection in cattle, there are reports of MCF in cattle that are not in direct contact with sheep. The hypothesis for this study is that cattle infected with OvHV-2 can remain asymptomatic for extended periods of time and may transmit the virus to offspring through placenta and/or colostrum. The study's objectives were to monitor a group of adult cattle for evidence of OvHV-2 persistent infection and evaluate possible transmission of OvHV-2 to calves.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-9737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21423/aabppro20025042
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Texas A&M University Libraries
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2599741-5
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  • 10
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    Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection among dairy cows in Colorado and herd-level risk factors for seropositivity
    American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) ; 2004
    In:  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Vol. 225, No. 1 ( 2004-07-01), p. 97-101
    Details
    In: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Vol. 225, No. 1 ( 2004-07-01), p. 97-101
    Abstract: Objective —To estimate seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) infection among adult dairy cows in Colorado and determine herd-level factors associated with the risk that individual cows would be seropositive. Design —Cross-sectional observational study. Animals —10,280 adult (≥ 2 years old) dairy cows in 15 herds in Colorado. Procedure —Serum samples were tested with a commercial ELISA. A herd was considered to be infected with MAP if results of mycobacterial culture of ≥ 1 individual cow fecal sample were positive or if ≥ 1 culled cow had histologic evidence of MAP infection. Results —424 of the 10,280 (4.12%) cows were seropositive. Within-herd prevalence of seropositive cows ranged from 0% to 7.82% (mean, 2.6%). Infection was confirmed in 11 dairies. Cows in herds that had imported ≥ 8% of their current herd size annually during the preceding 5 years were 3.28 times as likely to be seropositive as were cows in herds that imported 〈 8%. Cows in herds with ≥ 600 lactating cows were 3.12 times as likely to be seropositive as were cows in herds with 〈 600 lactating cows. Cows in herds with a history of clinical signs of MAP infection were 2.27 times as likely to be seropositive as were cows in herds without clinical signs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Annual importation rate, herd size, and whether cows in the herd had clinical signs typical of MAP infection were associated with the risk that individual cows would be seropositive for MAP infection. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:97–101)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-1488
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.97
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 390811-2
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