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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A novel approach to estimate the impact of health workforce investments on health outcomes through increased coverage of HIV, TB and malaria services
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Human Resources for Health Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2023-08-21)
    Details
    In: Human Resources for Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2023-08-21)
    Abstract: Globally, HIV, TB and malaria account for an estimated three million deaths annually. The Global Fund partnered with the World Health Organization to assist countries with health workforce planning in these areas through the development of an integrated health workforce investment impact tool. Our study illustrates the development of a user-friendly tool (with two MS Excel calculator subcomponents) that computes associations between human resources for health (HRH) investment inputs and reduced morbidity and mortality from HIV, TB, and malaria via increased coverage of effective treatment services. Methods We retrieved from the peer-reviewed literature quantitative estimates of the relation among HRH inputs and HRH employment and productivity. We converted these values to additional full-time-equivalent doctors, nurses and midwives (DNMs). We used log-linear regression to estimate the relation between DNMs and treatment service coverage outcomes for HIV, TB, and malaria. We then retrieved treatment effectiveness parameters from the literature to calculate lives saved due to expanded treatment coverage for HIV, TB, and malaria. After integrating these estimates into the tool, we piloted it in four countries. Results In most countries with a considerable burden of HIV, TB, and malaria, the health workforce investments include a mix of pre-service education, full remuneration of new hires, various forms of incentives and in-service training. These investments were associated with elevated HIV, TB and malaria treatment service coverage and additional lives saved. The country case studies we developed in addition, indicate the feasibility and utility of the tool for a variety of international and local actors interested in HRH planning. Conclusions The modelled estimates developed for illustrative purposes and tested through country case studies suggest that HRH investments result in lives saved across HIV, TB, and malaria. Furthermore, findings show that attainment of high targets of specific treatment coverage indicators would require a substantially greater health workforce than what is currently available in most LMICs. The open access tool can assist with future HRH planning efforts, particularly in LMICs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1478-4491
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12960-023-00854-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2126923-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The role of wages in the migration of health care professionals from developing countries
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2004
    In:  Human Resources for Health Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2004-12)
    Details
    In: Human Resources for Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2004-12)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1478-4491
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/1478-4491-2-3
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2126923-3
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  • 3
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    The global inequity in COVID-19 vaccination coverage among health and care workers
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  International Journal for Equity in Health Vol. 21, No. S3 ( 2022-10-13)
    Details
    In: International Journal for Equity in Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 21, No. S3 ( 2022-10-13)
    Abstract: Health and care workers (HCWs) are at the forefront of COVID-19 response, at high risk of infection, and as a result they are a priority group for COVID-19 vaccination. This paper presents the global patterns in COVID-19 vaccination coverage among HCWs in 2021, how HCWs were prioritized, and identifies factors associated with the early vaccination coverage. Methods Using monthly data reported to the World Health Organization, the percentages of partially and fully vaccinated HCWs were computed. The rates of vaccination of HCWs for the first and second half of 2021 were compared in a stratified analysis using several factors. A multivariate analysis was used to investigate the independent associations of these factors with the percentage of HCWs fully vaccinated. Results Based on data from 139 Member States, as of end of 2021, 82% HCWs were reported as fully vaccinated with important variations by income groups: 33% for low income countries, 83% for lower-middle income countries, 79% for upper-middle income countries and 88% for high income countries. Overall 76% of countries did not achieve 70% vaccination coverage of their HCWs in the first half of 2021, and 38% of countries by end of 2021. Compared with the general population, the rate of HCWs full vaccination was 3.5 times higher, in particular for low income countries (RR = 5.9). Stratified analysis showed that beyond income group, the availability of vaccine doses was a critical factor of HCWs vaccination coverage with medians of 59.1% and 88.6% coverage in the first and second half of 2021, respectively for countries with enough doses to cover 70% of their population, compared with 0.8% and 47.5% coverage, respectively for countries with doses to cover 40% of their population. The multivariate analysis confirmed this observation with a 35.9% overall difference (95%CI 15.1%; 56.9%) between these two groups. Conclusion Despite being considered a priority group, more than a third of countries did not achieve 70% vaccination coverage of their HCWs at the end of 2021. Large inequities were observed with low income countries lagging behind. Additional efforts should be dedicated to ensure full protection of HCWs through vaccination.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1475-9276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12939-022-01750-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092056-8
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  • 4
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    Estimating the health workforce requirements and costing to reach 70% COVID-19 vaccination coverage by mid-2022: a modelling study and global estimates
    BMJ ; 2022
    In:  BMJ Open Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08), p. e063059-
    Details
    In: BMJ Open, BMJ, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08), p. e063059-
    Abstract: The implementation of COVID-19 vaccination globally poses unprecedented stress to health systems particularly for countries with persisting health workforce shortages prior the pandemic. The present paper estimates the workforce requirement to reach 70% COVID-19 vaccination coverage in all countries by mid-2022 using service target–based estimation. Methods Health workforce data from National Health Workforce Accounts and vaccination coverage reported to WHO as of January 2022 were used. Workload parameters were used to estimate the number of health workers needed with a service target–based approach, the gap and the scale-up required partially accounting for countries’ challenges, as well as the associated costs in human resources. Results As of 1 January 2022, only 34 countries achieved 70% COVID-19 vaccination coverage and 61 countries covered less than a quarter of their population. This analysis showed that 1 831 000 health workers working full time would be needed to reach a global coverage of 70% COVID-19 vaccination by mid-2022. To avoid severe disruptions to health system, 744 000 additional health workers should be added to domestic resources mostly (77%) in low-income countries. In a sensitivity analysis, allowing for vaccination over 12 months instead of 6 months would decrease the scale-up to 476 000 health workers. The costing for the employment of these 744 000 additional health workers is estimated to be US$2.5 billion. In addition to such a massive scale-up, it is estimated that 29 countries would have needed to redeploy more than 20% of their domestic workforce, placing them at serious risk of not achieving the mid-year target. Conclusion Reaching 70% global coverage with COVID-19 vaccination by mid-2022 requires extraordinary efforts not before witnessed in the history of immunisation programmes. COVID-19 vaccination programmes should receive rapid and sustainable investment in health workforce.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2044-6055 , 2044-6055
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063059
    DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063059.supp1
    Language: English
    Publisher: BMJ
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2599832-8
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  • 5
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    Inequal distribution of nursing personnel: a subnational analysis of the distribution of nurses across 58 countries
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Human Resources for Health Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Human Resources for Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: Nursing personnel are critical for enabling access to health service in primary health care. However, the State of the World’s Nursing 2020 report showed important inequalities in nurse availability between countries. Methods The purpose of this study/analysis was to describe the differences in nurse-to-population density in 58 countries from six regional areas and the relationship between differences in access to nurses and other indicators of health equity. Results All countries and income groups showed subnational inequalities in the distribution of nursing personnel with Gini coefficients ranging from 1 to 39. The latter indicated situation such as 13% of the population having access to 45% of nurses in a country. The average max-to-min ratio was on average of 11-fold. In our sample, the African region had the highest level of subnational inequalities with the average Gini coefficient of 19.6. The European Region had the lowest level of within-country inequalities with the average Gini coefficient being 5.6. A multivariate analysis showed a clustering of countries in three groups: (1) high Gini coefficients comprised mainly African countries; (2) moderate Gini coefficients comprised mainly South-East Asian, Central and South American countries; (3) low Gini coefficients comprised mainly Western countries, Japan, and Korea. The analysis also showed that inequality in distribution of nurses was correlated with other indices of health and inequality such as the Human Development Index, maternal mortality, and life expectancy. Conclusions This study showed that there is a high level of geographic inequality in the distribution of nurses at subnational level. Inequalities in nursing distribution are multifactorial, to improve access to nurses, policies should be bundled, tailored to the local context and tackle the various root causes for inequalities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1478-4491
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12960-022-00720-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2126923-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health: an international perspective
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2003
    In:  Human Resources for Health Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2003-12)
    Details
    In: Human Resources for Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2003-12)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1478-4491
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/1478-4491-1-3
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2126923-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing human resources for health: what can be learned from labour force surveys?
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2003
    In:  Human Resources for Health Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2003-12)
    Details
    In: Human Resources for Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2003-12)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1478-4491
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/1478-4491-1-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2126923-3
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  • 8
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    The roles and involvement of global health partners in the health workforce: an exploratory analysis
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Human Resources for Health Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2023-05-24)
    Details
    In: Human Resources for Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2023-05-24)
    Abstract: Development partners and global health initiatives are important actors in financing health systems in many countries. Despite the importance of the health workforce to the attainment of global health targets, the contribution of global health initiatives to health workforce strengthening is unclear. A 2020 milestone in the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health is that “all bilateral and multilateral agencies have participated in efforts to strengthen health workforce assessments and information exchange in countries.” This milestone exists to encourage strategic investments in the health workforce that are evidence-based and incorporate a health labour market approach as an indication of policy comprehensiveness. To assess progress against this milestone, we reviewed the activities of 23 organizations (11 multilaterals and 12 bilaterals) which provide financial and technical assistance to countries for human resources for health, by mapping grey and peer-reviewed literature published between 2016 and 2021. The Global Strategy states that health workforce assessment involves a “deliberate strategy and accountability mechanisms on how specific programming contributes to health workforce capacity-building efforts” and avoids health labour market distortions. Health workforce investments are widely recognized as essential for the achievement of global health goals, and some partners identify health workforce as a key strategic focus in their policy and strategy documents. However, most do not identify it as a key focus, and few have a published specific policy or strategy to guide health workforce investments. Several partners include optional health workforce indicators in their monitoring and evaluation processes and/or require an impact assessment for issues such as the environment and gender equality. Very few, however, have embedded efforts in their governance mechanisms to strengthen health workforce assessments. On the other hand, most have participated in health workforce information exchange activities, including strengthening information systems and health labour market analyses. Although there is evidence of participation in efforts to strengthen health workforce assessments and (especially) information exchange, the achievement of this milestone of the Global Strategy requires more structured policies for the monitoring and evaluation of health workforce investments to optimize the value of these investments and contribute towards global and national health goals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1478-4491
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12960-023-00825-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2126923-3
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
    Elsevier BV ; 2016
    In:  The Lancet Vol. 388, No. 10053 ( 2016-10), p. 1725-1774
    Details
    In: The Lancet, Elsevier BV, Vol. 388, No. 10053 ( 2016-10), p. 1725-1774
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0140-6736
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31575-6
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2067452-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3306-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1476593-7
    SSG: 5,21
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  • 10
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    Global experiences in health workforce policy, planning and management using the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) method, and way forward
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Human Resources for Health Vol. 19, No. S1 ( 2022-01)
    Details
    In: Human Resources for Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 19, No. S1 ( 2022-01)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1478-4491
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00695-9
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2126923-3
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